{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T21:22:20Z","timestamp":1783113740559,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To examine the literature pertaining to safety and efficacy of intranasal (IN) varenicline for the treatment of dry eye disease (DED). Data Sources: A literature search of PubMed was performed (1985 to January 2022) using the following search terms: varenicline, OC-01, intranasal, and dry eye. Additional data were acquired from references of identified articles, prescribing information, government databases, and manufacturer website. Study Selection\/Data Extraction: All relevant English-language studies were included in this review. Data Synthesis: IN varenicline was FDA approved for the treatment of DED in 2021. IN varenicline has demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in outcomes related to basal tear film production as measured by a Schirmer test score (STS) in data from phase 2 and 3 clinical trials. Safety data from these trials have demonstrated that IN varenicline is generally well tolerated with minimal ocular side effects. The most common side effects reported in the trials were sneezing, coughing, along with throat and nasal irritation. Relevance to Patient care and Clinical Practice: Patients suffering from DED have been traditionally treated with ophthalmic preparations; however, many patients struggle with proper administration of ophthalmic products. IN varenicline stimulates nicotinic cholinergic receptors and basal tear film production through the trigeminal parasympathetic nerve pathway (TPP). There is no evidence to support the long-term remission of DED symptoms with IN varenicline as seen with anti-inflammatory modulators. Conclusions: IN varenicline offers an effective and novel approach to management of DED for patients who desire a non-ophthalmic preparation with a favorable side effect profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08971900221108725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T08:21:25Z","timestamp":1655281285000},"page":"1448-1453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Intranasal Varenicline: Review of a Novel Formulation for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3092-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly L.","family":"Zitko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Practice, South College School of Pharmacy, Knoxville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5484-3300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Ladd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Practice, South College School of Pharmacy, Knoxville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4980-7898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler S.","family":"Dougherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Practice, South College School of Pharmacy, Knoxville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08971900221108725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.06.033"},{"key":"bibr2-08971900221108725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2021.07.020"},{"key":"bibr4-08971900221108725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.07.010"},{"key":"bibr8-08971900221108725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.5.615"},{"key":"bibr13-08971900221108725","volume-title":"Dry Eye: Developing Drugs for Treatment Guidance for Industry"},{"key":"bibr3-08971900221108725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002941"},{"key":"bibr5-08971900221108725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.025676"},{"key":"bibr6-08971900221108725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.68.9.674"},{"key":"bibr9-08971900221108725","unstructured":"Restasis [package insert]. Irvine, CA: Allergan, Inc; 2017."},{"key":"bibr10-08971900221108725","unstructured":"Cequa [package insert]. Cranbury, NJ: Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc; September 2019."},{"key":"bibr11-08971900221108725","unstructured":"Xiidra [package insert]. Lexington, MA: Shire US, Inc; 2017."},{"key":"bibr12-08971900221108725","unstructured":"Eysuvis [package insert]. Waterworn, MA; Kala Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2020."},{"key":"bibr14-08971900221108725","unstructured":"Tyrvana [package insert]. Princeton, NJ; Oyster Point Pharma, Inc; 2021."},{"key":"bibr15-08971900221108725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.12.007"},{"key":"bibr16-08971900221108725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.11.004"},{"key":"bibr17-08971900221108725","unstructured":"Tyrvaya. Savings and support. https:\/\/www.tyrvaya.com\/savings-and-support. https:\/\/www.tyrvaya.com\/savings-and-support. Accessed February 16, 2022."},{"key":"bibr23-08971900221108725","volume-title":"RED BOOK Online","author":"Micromedex Healthcare Series [database online]","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr24-08971900221108725","volume-title":"RED BOOK Online","author":"Micromedex Healthcare Series [database online]","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr25-08971900221108725","volume-title":"RED BOOK Online","author":"Micromedex Healthcare Series [database online]","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr26-08971900221108725","volume-title":"RED BOOK Online","author":"Micromedex Healthcare Series [database online]","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr27-08971900221108725","volume-title":"RED BOOK Online","author":"Micromedex Healthcare Series [database online]","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr28-08971900221108725","volume-title":"RED BOOK Online","author":"Micromedex Healthcare Series [database online]","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr18-08971900221108725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.009"},{"key":"bibr19-08971900221108725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.10.023"},{"key":"bibr20-08971900221108725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-306930"},{"key":"bibr21-08971900221108725","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.077"},{"key":"bibr22-08971900221108725","unstructured":"Center for Ophthalmic and Vision Research, LLC. Randomized, controlled, double-masked investigator initiated study to evaluate the efficacy of oc-01 (Varenicline) nasal spray on objective and subjective dry eye signs and symptoms in daily disposable contact lens wearers. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05161208. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05161208. Accessed February 21, 2022."}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08971900221108725","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08971900221108725","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08971900221108725","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:37:37Z","timestamp":1777509457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08971900221108725"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08971900221108725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08971900221108725","relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-1900","1531-1937"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-1900","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-1937","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]}}}