{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:46:33Z","timestamp":1777923993075,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"19-20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) account for over 2.5 million emergency department (ED) visits each year in the United States. The bulk of TBI research in acute care settings has focused exclusively on individuals who receive computed tomography (CT) scanning. Recently, more sensitive TBI assessment tools have been identified, including blood biomarkers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of white matter microstructural integrity. These methods can evaluate for evidence of TBI in CT-negative patients. However, limited prior work has investigated the relationship between blood GFAP levels and white matter microstructural integrity. The present study examined the association between acute (\u226472 h) GFAP levels and white matter microstructural integrity at 2 weeks post-trauma among ED patients (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 328) recruited after a qualifying traumatic experience. We hypothesized that acute GFAP concentrations would be associated with disrupted microstructural integrity, quantified with Tract-Based Spatial Statistics-derived diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics (reduced fractional anisotropy and increased axial diffusivity [AD], radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity), in tracts previously shown to be vulnerable to TBI. Our secondary hypothesis was that there would be a stronger association between GFAP levels and white matter integrity among female relative to male trauma survivors, in line with previous literature suggesting that females\u2019 axons are less resilient to stretch injury. To test the primary hypothesis, we fit four sets of linear regression models to assess the association between natural log-transformed acute GFAP concentration and DTI metrics for 15 white matter regions of interest (ROIs). The false discovery rate (FDR) was controlled at 0.05 for each set of models. Models were adjusted for age, sex, neuroimaging site, and a composite lifetime traumatic stress variable. To test the secondary hypotheses, we fit identical sets of linear regression models, with an additional interaction term between sex and ln(GFAP). We followed up all significant results surviving FDR correction with correlational tractography to examine the location and direction of tracts associated with the DTI metric passing through those ROIs. We observed significant and positive associations between acute GFAP and AD in the parahippocampal cingulum (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1.416 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                    , standard error [SE] = 4.806 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.003, FDR-corrected\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.026), and the sagittal stratum (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1.012 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                    , SE = 3.438 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.003, FDR-corrected\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.026), including fibers of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. Furthermore, the association between GFAP and AD of the parahippocampal cingulum was stronger in female trauma survivors compared with male trauma survivors (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2.898 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                    , SE = 9.352 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.002, FDR-corrected\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.032). Our results suggest that among ED patients with low rates of intracranial injuries observed on CT and MRI scans, acute peripheral levels of GFAP may be able to predict later disruption in structural connectivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08977151251363590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T13:12:50Z","timestamp":1759842770000},"page":"1758-1774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Acute Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Levels and White Matter Integrity in Recent Trauma Survivors"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6311-8872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan E.","family":"Huibregtse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel G.","family":"Harnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther L.","family":"Yuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology &amp; Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Ely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vince D.","family":"Calhoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Neylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stacey L.","family":"House","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gari D.","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meredith A.","family":"Bucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah D.","family":"Linnstaedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinming","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alana C.","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 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Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"McKibben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liz Marie","family":"Albertorio-S\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca 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