{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:49:19Z","timestamp":1790192959704,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32HD040686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HD040686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018553","name":"Chuck Noll Foundation for Brain Injury Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["713253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["713253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurotrauma Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The sports medicine community and society at large have recognized traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a major public health concern. It is estimated that more than 150 million youths have played football in the United States. As an alternative to blood, sweat is a potential source for protein biomarkers, providing a non-invasive method for objective measurements for head safety guidelines. This pilot study explores sweat as a means of detecting protein biomarkers of brain injury before and after a football season. Participants were football players from an NCAA Division III college (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 34 pre-season,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 18 post-season). At pre- and post-season time points, demographic, injury history, and physical activity assessments were conducted, including application of a non-invasive sweat patch for approximately 24 h. Sweat protein biomarkers total-tau, neurofilament light, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) were measured via immunoarray. Paired and un-paired non-parametric statistical analyses were conducted. Athletes reported little to no concussion injuries from the season and experienced minimal symptoms. There was a significant increase in pre-season GFAP and UCH-L1 protein levels in athletes with a history of TBI compared to those without. Comparing between pre- and post-season, there was an increase in total-tau and UCH-L1 levels. These data suggest that sweat may be a viable biofluid to assess head injury using hallmark TBI biomarkers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08977151251367345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T17:13:19Z","timestamp":1759943599000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Detection of Injury Biomarkers in Sweat of Collegiate Athletes Pre- and Post-Football Season: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Svirsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Raymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peyton","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Appleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ava M.","family":"Puccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"NCAA. NCAA Sports Sponsorship and Participation Rates Database - NCAA.org [Internet]. NCAA.org. 2024 [cited 2025 Jan 8]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncaa.org\/sports\/2018\/10\/10\/ncaa-sports-sponsorship-and-participation-rates-database.aspx"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"242","article-title":"Pediatric sports specific return to play guidelines following concussion","volume":"9","author":"May KH","year":"2014","unstructured":"May KH, , Marshall DL, , Burns TG, et al. Pediatric sports specific return to play guidelines following concussion. Int J Sports Phys Ther, 2014; 9(2):242\u2013255.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097464"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20597002211070735"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106680"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr800545q"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910871"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.05.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr2007957"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-150736"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2017.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2006.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70063-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003587"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.19771"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa137"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005518"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1123407"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Working up a good sweat - The challenges of standardising sweat collection for metabolomics analysis","volume":"38","author":"Hussain JN","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hussain JN, , Mantri N, , Cohen MM. Working up a good sweat - The challenges of standardising sweat collection for metabolomics analysis. Clin Biochem Rev, 2017 Feb;38(1):13\u201334.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121797"}],"container-title":["Neurotrauma Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08977151251367345","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08977151251367345","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08977151251367345","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:03:55Z","timestamp":1777669435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/08977151251367345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08977151251367345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08977151251367345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2689-288X","2689-288X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2689-288X","type":"print"},{"value":"2689-288X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"article-number":"08977151251367345"}}