{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:17:46Z","timestamp":1793053066951,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The aim of this updated systematic review was to assess the efficacy and safety of pharmacological agents in the management of agitated behaviors following traumatic brain injury (TBI). We updated a 2019 systematic review, which originally included 21 studies, by performing a search strategy in MedLine, Embase, PsychInfo, Cinhal, Directory of Open Access Journals, and Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences Literature\u00a0(up to Jan 7\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 2025) for evidence on the risks and benefits of nine medication classes used to control agitated behaviors following TBI. We included all randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental and observational studies examining the effects of medications administered to control agitated behaviors in TBI patients. Of the 58 studies screened in full-text, 11 additional studies were added to the 21 original studies for a total of 32 studies. Of these new studies, three studies evaluating dexmedetomidine suggested some potential benefits in reducing agitation. New studies on risperidone, olanzapine, carbamazepine, and valproic acid failed to show efficacy compared with control groups. Among studies identified in the first review, propranolol did reduce intensity of agitation but not its frequency. In conclusion, there remain insufficient data to recommend the use of any medications for the management of agitation following TBI. Dexmedetomidine may have potential benefit in an acute setting, and the benefits of antipsychotics, carbamazepine, and amantadine remain unclear. Beta-blockers and valproic have shown benefits, but results are inconsistent. More studies in the acute, rehabilitation, and outpatient settings are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of pharmacological agents for the management of agitated behaviors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08977151251381347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T16:22:01Z","timestamp":1759767721000},"page":"35-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pharmacological Interventions for Agitated Behaviors in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: An Updated Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Tal","family":"Klimenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Mich\u00e8le","family":"Briand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."},{"name":"Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Physiatry, H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Dumais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yorgios Alexandros","family":"Cavayas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."},{"name":"Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medecine, H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."},{"name":"Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medecine, H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Arbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."},{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Burry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Perreault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada."},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Julie","family":"Potvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3360-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-Coeur de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Central nervous system injury surveillance data submission standards\u20142002. 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