{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:04:17Z","timestamp":1784160257505,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"15-16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32-AA013525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-AA013525"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["R01-HD105338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HD105338"]}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["U01-DA041089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-DA041089"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030692","name":"Intramural Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["F31-DA061618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31-DA061618"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030692","name":"Intramural Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U01-DA041089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-DA041089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-NS122184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS122184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Youth sports are popular in the United States and provide many physical and social benefits for children. However, sports participation is also a major source of pediatric traumatic injuries, including mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and orthopedic injury (OI). Previous studies have identified certain sports associated with higher risks of mTBI and\/or OI, but are limited to retrospective data. The aim of this study is to prospectively examine the association between individual sports and the risk of mTBI and OI using longitudinal data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. We analyzed longitudinal data from 11,332 children at the 1-, 2-, and 3-year follow-ups (ages 10\u201313 years) from the ABCD study. Participation in 23 sports and the incidence of mTBI and OI were reported by parents at each visit. Generalized linear mixed-effects models with subject-level random intercepts were used to fit the longitudinal data, adjusting for age, sex, race\/ethnicity, parental income, parental education, and children\u2019s behavior problems. The results indicated that most sports showed a decline in participation rate over time. Children who played soccer had higher risks of mTBI, odds ratio (OR) = 1.320 (1.075, 1.621),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.008, and OI, OR = 1.208 (1.057, 1.379),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.005, compared with those who did not (95% confidence interval in parentheses). Children who played American football also had higher risks of mTBI, OR = 1.639 (1.238, 2.171),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001, and OI, OR = 1.405 (1.159, 1.704),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264 0.001, compared with those who had not. Children who played ice hockey had a significantly higher risk of mTBI than OI, ratio of odds ratio = 2.700 (1.445, 5.043),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.002. Finally, children who played volleyball exhibited lower risks of mTBI, OR = 0.442 (0.234, 0.835),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.012, than those who did not. Sensitivity analyses adjusting for additional behavioral and neurocognitive variables and restricting the analysis sample to children who played at least one sport in the 3-year interval showed consistent findings. The findings suggested that sports-specific differences exist in injury risks, and sport-specific and injury-specific prevention strategies are needed in youth sports.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08977151251412405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T20:16:56Z","timestamp":1767989816000},"page":"1342-1351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prospective Study on Effects of Sports Participation on Brain Injury versus Orthopedic Injury in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florin","family":"Vaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola L.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George E. Whalen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth A.","family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA."},{"name":"George E. Whalen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Jacobus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA."},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Troyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Everett L.","family":"Delfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University\/University of California, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Abildskov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA."},{"name":"George E. Whalen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Hesselink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin D.","family":"Bigler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Provo, Utah, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey E.","family":"Max","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."},{"name":"Rady Children\u2019s Hospital, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2016.1193462"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"691","article-title":"Recognition and management of traumatic sports injuries in the skeletally immature athlete","volume":"7","author":"Merkel DL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Merkel DL, , Molony JT.Jr., Recognition and management of traumatic sports injuries in the skeletally immature athlete. 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