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Diaphragmatic motor-evoked potential responses were assessed during inspiration- and expiration-triggered trans-spinal magnetic stimulation under different respiratory drives (i.e., normocapnia and hypercapnia) in both spinal-intact and cervical spinal cord contused rats. The results demonstrated that inspiration-triggered trans-spinal magnetic stimulation elicited a greater bilateral diaphragmatic motor-evoked potential response compared with expiration-triggered trans-spinal magnetic stimulation in uninjured animals. Moreover, heightened respiratory drives induced by hypercapnia diminished the bilateral diaphragmatic motor-evoked potential response during respiration-triggered trans-spinal magnetic stimulation. Notably, high-intensity inspiration-triggered trans-spinal magnetic stimulation mitigated diaphragmatic bursting that occurred after motor-evoked potentials (i.e., post-motor-evoked potential activity). Cervical spinal cord contusion not only reduced inspiratory diaphragmatic activity but also influenced trans-spinal magnetic stimulation-induced diaphragmatic motor-evoked potentials. Specifically, the respiratory modulatory effect of trans-spinal magnetic stimulation on diaphragmatic motor-evoked potentials was blunted in the diaphragm ipsilateral to the lesion. Additionally, the inhibitory impact of inspiration-triggered trans-spinal magnetic stimulation on post-motor-evoked potential activity was also attenuated in contused animals. These results suggest that the effect of trans-spinal magnetic stimulation on diaphragmatic motor-evoked potentials is modulated by respiratory phases and drives. Respiration-triggered trans-spinal magnetic stimulation may serve as a tool to evaluate changes in diaphragm excitability and spinal respiratory circuits following cervical spinal cord injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08977151261430250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T06:15:01Z","timestamp":1778566501000},"page":"2050-2068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modulation of Respiration-Triggered Trans-Spinal Magnetic Stimulation on Diaphragmatic Motor-Evoked Potentials Following Cervical Spinal Cord Contusion in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Kun-Ze","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 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