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In a prospective sample (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 523) of individuals of European descent who had been treated in a U.S. level 1 trauma center for mTBI, we examined the prognostic value of four polygenic risk scores (PRS) for cognitive outcomes at 6-months postinjury. To estimate the impact of mTBI on cognition, primary cognitive outcomes were scaled as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">z<\/jats:italic>\n                    -scores reflecting changes in performance relative to predicted preinjury performance. The PRS examined were previously developed and validated to predict cognition-related outcomes of educational attainment (Education-PRS), intelligence (Intelligence-PRS), and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD-mild traumatic brain injury (APOE)-PRS and AD + APOE-PRS). Both the Education-PRS and Intelligence-PRS displayed bivariate associations with all four cognitive outcomes (\u03b2 = 0.19\u20130.32), whereas neither Alzheimer\u2019s disease PRS was significantly associated with any outcome. After controlling for other factors known to predict cognitive outcomes of TBI (e.g., sex, education, mTBI severity defined by a combination of Glasgow Coma Scale scores and the presence\/absence of acute intracranial findings on clinical neuroimaging), the Education-PRS and Intelligence-PRS remained independently predictive of verbal episodic memory (\u03b2 = 0.10\u20130.16), whereas their associations with processing speed and executive functioning were mostly nonsignificant and were mediated through educational attainment. Looking across primary\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">z<\/jats:italic>\n                    -score and secondary raw score outcomes, cognitive outcomes 6 months post-mTBI were good on average, and PRS made small independent contributions to outcome prediction. The mediation model findings may support theories of cognitive reserve, which propose that individuals with stronger preinjury cognitive processing abilities (often estimated by educational history) can better compensate for TBI. Moreover, findings indicate that PRS may contribute modestly to multivariable models predicting cognitive function after TBI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08977151261432398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:23:01Z","timestamp":1773901381000},"page":"1589-1597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Role of Polygenic Risk Scores in Predicting Cognitive Functioning after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A TRACK-TBI Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Lindsay D.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary U.","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karmel","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 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