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However, the TBI-related mechanisms underlying persistent cognitive symptoms including working memory (WM) dysfunction are not fully understood. Few pediatric studies of WM deficits in mTBI have taken advantage of the temporal and frequency resolution afforded by electromagnetic measurements. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and an N-back WM task, we investigated functional abnormalities in children with mTBI within a 3-week post-injury period. Children aged 8\u201315 years with mTBI (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 60) and orthopedic injury (OI) controls (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 37) from consecutive admissions to an emergency department were studied prospectively. MEG source-magnitude images were obtained for alpha (8\u201312 Hz), beta (15\u201330 Hz), gamma (30\u201390 Hz), theta (4\u20137 Hz), and delta (1\u20134 Hz) frequency bands. Compared with OI controls, children with mTBI showed decreased MEG signals (hypoactivity) across frequency bands in the proper WM network including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), anterior cingulate cortex, and supramarginal gyrus (SMG), but over-recruitment with increased MEG signals (hyperactivity) in the frontal pole and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The MEG activity from dlPFC and SMG regions also correlated with changes in symptom scores between 3-week and 3-month behavioral exams. This is the first pediatric study showing MEG hypoactivity from the WM proper network and over recruitment outside the WM network. One mechanism that may explain these novel findings could be the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibitory interneuron injury, which may cause disinhibition in the WM neural network, directly eliminating synchronized signals that are normally evoked by stimuli. This MEG study of abnormal MEG responses evoked by WM N-back stimuli provides a new functional imaging marker for pediatric mTBI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08977151261433776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T10:26:52Z","timestamp":1778840812000},"page":"1569-1582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MEG Working Memory N-Back Task Revealed Functional Deficits in Children with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Ming-Xiong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."},{"name":"Radiology and Research Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Angeles-Quinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."},{"name":"Radiology and Research Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Robb-Swan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."},{"name":"Radiology and Research Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin D.","family":"Bigler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth A.","family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florin","family":"Vaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Troyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Hesselink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Kuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey E.","family":"Max","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Rady Children\u2019s Hospital, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561770808017X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2015.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000878"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2021.1972148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20597002211006541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2021.1961260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(93)90119-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00168-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.1450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.22.4.419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","volume-title":"Working Memory","author":"Baddeley A","year":"1986","unstructured":"11.Baddeley A. 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