{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:35:35Z","timestamp":1792787735696,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"21-22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","award":["R01NS114066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS114066"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01s5ya894","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","award":["ECOR-PSDA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECOR-PSDA"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/002pd6e78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","award":["W81XWH-21-2-0040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-21-2-0040"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03g2zjp07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to secondary injuries, including axon and myelin damage, which contributes to long-term neurological deficits. The positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]3F4AP, a fluorinated derivative of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug 4-aminopyridine, selectively binds to voltage-gated potassium (K\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) channels, offering a novel approach to assess TBI-related node of Ranvier disruption and demyelination. This study evaluated [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]3F4AP PET in penetrating and non-penetrating TBI models. Either controlled cortical impact (CCI, penetrating) or concussive (non-penetrating) TBI models were used to induce TBI in mice. Dynamic PET imaging with [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]3F4AP was performed at time points of 0, 3, 7, 14, and\/or 28\u201331 days post-injury (dpi), with quantitative analyses comparing tracer uptake in injured versus control regions. Luxol fast blue staining was conducted to evaluate histological myelin loss. In the CCI model, [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]3F4AP PET imaging demonstrated a 31% increase in tracer uptake at the injury site at 7 dpi, correlating with histological evidence of demyelination. Tracer uptake gradually declined over time, reflecting potential remyelination. The concussive TBI model showed a smaller and more diffuse increase in uptake at 7 dpi compared to CCI. [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]3F4AP PET imaging effectively detects demyelination following TBI with a very high sensitivity to penetrating injuries. These findings highlight the potential of [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]3F4AP as a valuable imaging biomarker for the assessment of TBI progression and\/or therapeutic response. Further studies are warranted to explore its clinical applicability and comparison with other imaging modalities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08977151261438980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T09:01:27Z","timestamp":1775552487000},"page":"1795-1805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Imaging Traumatic Brain Injuries in Mice with Potassium Channel PET Tracer [\n                    <sup>18<\/sup>\n                    F]3F4AP"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Karla M.","family":"Ramos-Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Tiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kryslaine L.","family":"Radomski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kapolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazue","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seresa","family":"McDowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiri T.","family":"Mandeville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Peng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eng H.","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina C.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7455-2743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Brugarolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710001728"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000126706.53615.7b"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","first-page":"797","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders and traumatic brain injury","volume":"4","author":"Schwarzbold M","year":"2008","unstructured":"3.Schwarzbold M, , Diaz A, , Martins ET, et al. 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