{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T16:30:53Z","timestamp":1793637053158,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"DHA Contracting Office (CO-NCR) HT0014","award":["Contract HT0014-19-C-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Contract HT0014-19-C-0004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Prior investigations of how lifetime blast exposure relates to blood biomarkers of brain injury have been limited by small sample sizes and have produced conflicting results. This investigation examined how lifetime blast exposure relates to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), neurofilament light (NfL), tau, and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) in service members and veterans (SMVs) with and without uncomplicated mild TBI (mTBI). Participants were 422 SMVs prospectively enrolled in a Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center-Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence Longitudinal TBI Study. Participants were divided into four groups based on self-reported lifetime blast exposure history as assessed by a single question: none (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 93), low (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 136), medium (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 71), and high (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 122). Analysis of Covariance was used to examine group differences on GFAP, UCH-L1, NfL, tau, and p-tau. There was a significant effect of blast exposure group on NfL (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.002, \u03b7\n                    <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 0.034) and GFAP (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.035, \u03b7\n                    <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 0.021), but not UCH-L1, tau, or p-tau.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                    comparisons with Bonferroni correction indicated NfL was higher in the No Blast group compared with the Low Blast (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.004) group, but not the Medium Blast (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.069) or High Blast (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1.0) groups. GFAP did not significantly differ between the groups after Bonferroni correction (ps &gt; 0.05). Overall, the lone finding that survived correction for multiple comparisons suggested that participants with low levels of self-reported blast exposure exhibited lower levels of NfL than participants with no history of blast exposure. There were no differences in UCH-L1, tau, or p-tau based on self-reported blast exposure in a large sample of SMVs with and without mTBI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08977151261446415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T04:37:48Z","timestamp":1777091868000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Blast Exposure Does Not Increase Blood Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration in Service Members and Veterans with and Without Uncomplicated Mild TBI"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6352-7577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara Marie","family":"Lippa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Millitary Traumatic Brain Injury Initiative (MTBI2), Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Contractor, General Dynamics Information Technology, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Hungerford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Contractor, General Dynamics Information Technology, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Bailie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Contractor, General Dynamics Information Technology, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"33 Area Branch Clinic Camp Pendleton, Oceanside, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey","family":"Brickell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Intrepid Spirit Center, Evans Army Community Hospital, Fort Carson, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rael","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Contractor, General Dynamics Information Technology, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Intrepid Spirit Center, Evans Army Community Hospital, Fort Carson, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31819d88c8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1008069"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0075"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","volume-title":"Evaluation of Automatic Class III Designation for Benyon Brain Trauma Indicator","author":"FDA Decision Memorandum","year":"2018","unstructured":"4. FDA Decision Memorandum. 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