{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:13:24Z","timestamp":1778573604046,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Engaging in mentally and\/or physically demanding activities post-injury may play a role in post-concussion symptom expression; however, the temporal effects of activity demand on post-concussion symptoms in adults with persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) are unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine activity demand and time-of-day effects of post-concussion symptoms in individuals with PPCS using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). We enrolled 40 adults (60.5% female; mean age = 42.53 \u00b1 11.36 years) with PPCS in our prospective observational study with repeated measures. Participants completed a 20-day EMA period in which they responded to a smartphone app five times per day to report PPCS symptoms and the activities they were currently engaged in. PPCS symptoms were reported using the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), a 22-item symptom inventory that includes total symptoms (possible range = 0\u2013132) and symptom clusters: cognitive\u2013migraine\u2013fatigue (possible range = 0\u201366), affective (0\u201318), sleep (0\u201312), and somatic (0\u201312). For each activity reported by participants, they were asked to characterize it as mentally demanding, physically demanding, both, or neither. Descriptive statistics captured PCSS scores and characterizations of activity demand. Linear mixed-effects models (LMMs) examined the effects of time of day and activity demand on PCSS symptom scores. During the EMA period, PCSS scores were in the clinically significant range (mean = 24.68 \u00b1 21.04; range = 0\u2013106). Mean symptom domain scores were 16.53 \u00b1 13.84 for cognitive\u2013migraine\u2013fatigue (range = 0\u201363), 3.25 \u00b1 4.05 for affective (range = 0\u201318), 1.69 \u00b1 2.59 for sleep (range = 0\u201312), and 1.05 \u00b1 1.72 for somatic symptoms (range = 0\u201310). Across all observations (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2,984), among the four activity characterization options, activities were most frequently characterized as neither mentally nor physically demanding (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1,675, 44.3%), and most participants (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 26, 68.4%) characterized activities in this category most frequently. Open-ended responses elaborating on activities in this category included \u201cdoing nothing,\u201d \u201csleeping\/relaxing,\u201d \u201cwatching TV,\u201d and \u201ceating.\u201d Linear mixed-effects model (LMM) results (based on 38 participants with &gt;33% response rates) showed that activity demands were significantly associated with symptoms. Mentally demanding activities were associated with increases in total and cognitive\u2013migraine\u2013fatigue symptoms, whereas physically demanding activities were associated with decreases in these symptoms. Mentally demanding and combined mentally and physically demanding activities were also associated with increased affective symptoms. Additionally, time of day was significantly associated with cognitive\u2013migraine\u2013fatigue symptoms, with increases in symptoms later in the day compared with early in the morning. The present findings extend existing literature by demonstrating the utility of EMA for capturing real-time associations between contextual factors and symptom expression in traumatic brain injury populations. We also provide evidence that time-of-day and activity demands are associated with symptom expression in individuals with PPCS. Collectively, these findings have implications for informing symptom management strategies in PPCS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08977151261449593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T05:07:22Z","timestamp":1778303242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ecological Momentary Assessment of Activity Demand and Time-of-Day Effects on Post-Concussion Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2001-042X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allie J.","family":"Tracey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jefferson Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8027-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda R.","family":"Rabinowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jefferson Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000573"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-013-2791-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0185"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5486"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073814543305"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2019.1598542"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2024.0569"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00154-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000505"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.84a.16013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2025.2540625"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517706137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103470"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181c6c22c"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e31826da964"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000944"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002787"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patricios JS Schneider KJ Dvorak J et al. 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