{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T18:10:15Z","timestamp":1784225415354,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC3603800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3603800"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC3603801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3603801"]}]},{"name":"the 1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","award":["ZYJC21038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYJC21038"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82172534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172534"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82372574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82372574"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Immune dysregulation is a central component of secondary injury processes following spinal cord injury (SCI). Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play key roles in leukocyte-endothelium interactions and neuroimmune communication after neurotrauma; however, their potential as clinically accessible peripheral blood biomarkers reflecting immune alterations after SCI remains insufficiently defined. Transcriptomic datasets derived from peripheral blood of individuals with SCI and healthy controls (GSE151371 and GSE226238) were analyzed to identify CAM-related genes associated with post-injury immune dysregulation. Integrated differential expression analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression were applied for feature selection. Discriminative performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Functional enrichment and immune cell deconvolution analyses were conducted to characterize immune associations. Key findings were validated in an independent transcriptomic cohort and further confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR using serum samples from individuals with SCI. Integrative bioinformatics analyses identified 99 CAM-associated candidate genes, which were further refined to six feature genes. Among these,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SBK<\/jats:italic>\n                    1,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ADGRG<\/jats:italic>\n                    5, and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TCF<\/jats:italic>\n                    7 were consistently downregulated in SCI across independent datasets.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SBK<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ADGRG<\/jats:italic>\n                    5 demonstrated good discriminative performance, with area under the curve values of 0.85 and 0.83, respectively. Immune deconvolution revealed significant alterations in peripheral immune cell composition, including resting natural killer (NK) cells and na\u00efve CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. Expression levels of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SBK<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ADGRG<\/jats:italic>\n                    5 positively correlated with these immune cell populations. Serum-based RT-quantitative real-time PCR validation confirmed significant downregulation of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SBK<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ADGRG<\/jats:italic>\n                    5 in SCI individuals compared with healthy controls.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SBK<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ADGRG<\/jats:italic>\n                    5 were identified as CAM-related genes that were downregulated in peripheral blood after SCI and associated with distinct alterations in peripheral immune cell profiles, particularly involving CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells and resting NK cells. These findings suggest that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SBK<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ADGRG<\/jats:italic>\n                    5 may serve as accessible peripheral transcriptional biomarkers associated with post-SCI neuro-immune dysregulation and may support immune monitoring and patient stratification following SCI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08977151261467217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T10:54:35Z","timestamp":1784026475000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Peripheral SBK1 and ADGRG5 as Biomarkers of Cell Adhesion Molecule-Associated Immune Alterations after Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2215-525X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pan","family":"Hongxia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Mingfu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xie","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Transplant Center, Transplant Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huang","family":"Liyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07441-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46292\/sci22-00039"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004417"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-019-0285-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00287-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-019-0406-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03369-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01477-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207533"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13101814"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.324823"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4435"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-019-0319-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07603-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.01.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2021.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16540"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13346"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02037-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201795"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0500"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1042540"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btac409"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-023-01868-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122312"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-023-05233-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2011.0118"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2015.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7493-1_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1079"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206239"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac833"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1101564"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03411-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1084101"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-320106"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0326"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000206744"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-021-01134-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2111-5698"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.2848"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-026-01001-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01122-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202304648"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01724-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105722"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08977151251379477"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DO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