{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T07:29:01Z","timestamp":1786778941182,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves various strategies, with sedation playing a pivotal role. Historically, ketamine has been discouraged in TBI management due to concerns regarding its negative impact on cerebral physiology. However, emerging evidence is challenging this perspective. This narrative review was conducted through a comprehensive literature search utilizing key terms such as \u201cketamine\u201d and \u201ctraumatic brain injury.\u201d This investigation involved querying multiple medical and scientific databases. Data on the effects of ketamine on intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure, systemic hemodynamics, neuroprotection, and neuroinflammation in TBI conditions were collected. Current evidence suggests that ketamine does not significantly affect cerebral hemodynamics compared with other sedatives. Furthermore, preclinical studies have indicated that ketamine exhibits neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects. Research endeavors are warranted to explore the effects of ketamine on patients with high-risk ICP and the dose-dependent and combination responses. Moreover, the investigation of the neuroprotective properties of ketamine is encouraged to elucidate its full potential. Reevaluation of ketamine\u2019s use is recommended, as it demonstrates comparable efficacy to other sedatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08977151261474398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T06:33:26Z","timestamp":1786516406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Ketamine in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review of Its Current Emerging Perspectives from Clinical and Preclinical Studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Thamer","family":"Alaifan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia."},{"name":"Intensive Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City-Jeddah, Ministry of National Guard\u2014Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia."},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6898-073X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman M.","family":"Khojah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrazak","family":"Sakhakhni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City-Jeddah, Ministry of National Guard\u2014Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Alkhaibary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Ministry of National Guard\u2014Health Affairs, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman A.","family":"Alraddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia."},{"name":"College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaf","family":"Alqurashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shadell","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sereen","family":"Kazim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Jeddah University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Attar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alkhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Ministry of National Guard\u2014Health Affairs, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2022.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.5.JNS22560"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181c1d1e1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666231156589"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2019.1574328"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000656"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12385"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7160"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006869"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318228236f"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/637171"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000001291"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2022.2087102"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(95)91209-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27389"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-020-00975-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/44.11.1200"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10030566"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008506-199210000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S160046"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3193725"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199803000-00029"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199507000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197201000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197105000-00035"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-024-01094-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20220027-pt"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03452-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20408\/jti.2023.0034"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-056487"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3834165"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000633"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190020925932"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1294-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17085\/apm.23017"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51893\/2022.4.OA2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199806000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41984-019-0041-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/71.2.267"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2013.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01692549"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000199563.64264.3a"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.joacp_315_23"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/8000.2012.110560"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000907"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-022-01822-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijciis.ijciis_36_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.14228"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000044505.24727.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000774"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199712000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-025-08835-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.819613"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6475-4_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200001000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03011963"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-5172.2004.00348.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002197"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31821c38bd"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_1","first-page":"e942574","article-title":"Effects of intrathecal ketamine on cerebrospinal fluid levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mechanical allodynia in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"30","author":"Lee J","year":"2024","unstructured":"64.Lee J, , Jeon S, , Kim N, et al. Effects of intrathecal ketamine on cerebrospinal fluid levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mechanical allodynia in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury. Med Sci Monit 2024;30:e942574; doi: 10.12659\/MSM.942574","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2021.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15923"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.549303"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.12.JNS171665"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101426"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-013-9950-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-024-02075-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12077"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aer.AER_119_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2024.104246"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.14470"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurotrauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08977151261474398","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/08977151261474398","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08977151261474398","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T07:18:24Z","timestamp":1786778304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/08977151261474398"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/08977151261474398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08977151261474398","relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-7151","1557-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-7151","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"article-number":"08977151261474398"}}