{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T06:35:45Z","timestamp":1791009345448,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,11,1]],"date-time":"1990-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":657417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Aging Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In studies of older people, it is often assumed that biophysical, or functional, status is the primary determinant of formal service use. This article reports baseline data from a longitudinal study of a community-based, linked random sample of frail elders (n = 635) and their informal caregivers (n = 429) to investigate the relative contribution of social circumstances to the use of community-based formal services. Elder respondents were categorized into three groups defined by their primary source of care: (a) informal only, (b) mixed help with predominantly informal care, (c) mixed help with predominantly formal services. Of the respondents, 79% received most of their help from informal caregivers, whereas 21% relied on formal services for most of their assistance. A series of logistic regression models were developed to identify variables that discriminated between major sources of care. The social factor of living alone is the consistent predictor of reliance on formal services. Only for those elders living alone does the physical factor of level of frailty predict reliance on formal services. Elders who live with a caregiver, particularly a spouse, are likely not to use any formal services regardless of their level of frailty. Finally, elders reliant on formal services receive much less care overall.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/089826439000200402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,10]],"date-time":"2007-03-10T23:22:41Z","timestamp":1173568961000},"page":"439-461","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["How Important is Functional Status as a Predictor of Service Use by Older People?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Tennstedt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"McKinlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph B.","family":"D'Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Research Institute, Boston University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1990,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.72.12.1373"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/23.1.51"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.74.3.266"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Dependency in the elderly of New York City","author":"Community Council of Greater New York","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Report to Congress: The well-being of older people in Cleveland, Ohio","author":"Comptroller General of the United States","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Long-term care: Actuarial cost estimates","author":"Congressional Budget Office","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136491"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2307\/3350005","volume":"64","author":"Doty, P.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Family support and costs of services for the frail elderly: Final report","author":"Harkins, E.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Annual Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America","author":"Horowitz, A."},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"The role of families in providing long-term care to the frail and chronically ill elderly living in the community","author":"Horowitz, A.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/23.4.377"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/351308"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136704"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J027v02n03_04"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Social support networks and the care of frail elders","author":"McKinlay, J.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Massachusetts elderly: Their vulnerability and need for support services and the role of the Commonwealth's home care corporations","author":"Morris, J.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/24.4.373"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Americans needing help to function at home: Advance data from vital and health statistics #92","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"The effects on families of caring for impaired elderly in residence","author":"Noelker, L.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/20.1.78"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J083V05N04_06"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.8.4.39"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/19.2.169"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/25.4.364"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/23.6.605"},{"key":"atypb27","volume-title":"Informal care of the elderly","author":"Stephens, S.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences","author":"Stevens, J.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/351797"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/23.1.64"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/27.5.616"},{"key":"atypb32","unstructured":"Tennstedt, S. (1984).\n                      Informal care of frail elders in the community.\n                      Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Boston University, Boston, MA."},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"M. Ory & K. Bond Aging and health care","author":"Tennstedt, S.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/17.6.486"},{"key":"atypb35","volume-title":"Over 65 in Massachusetts: 1980 Census Profile","author":"University of Massachusetts","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016402758133005"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3349701"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027583005003008"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016402758132009"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/39.2.216"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136399"}],"container-title":["Journal of Aging and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/089826439000200402","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/089826439000200402","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:30:10Z","timestamp":1777491010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/089826439000200402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,11]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/089826439000200402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/089826439000200402","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-2643","1552-6887"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-2643","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6887","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,11]]}}}