{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T01:42:44Z","timestamp":1777858964277,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]],"date-time":"2014-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Vet Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bupivacaine hydrochloride is frequently used in veterinary dental procedures to reduce the amount of general anesthesia needed and to reduce post-procedural pain. The aim of this study was to develop a novel method to test local anesthetic duration in mammals. Six infant pigs were placed under deep\/surgical anesthesia with 3 % isoflurane and oxygen while 0.5 ml of 0.5 % bupivacaine hydrochloride was injected to block the two greater palatine and the nasopalatine nerves. They were then maintained under light anesthesia with 0.5\u20131.0 % isoflurane. Beginning 15-minutes after the injection, 7 sites in the oral cavity were stimulated using a pointed dental waxing instrument, including 3 sites on the hard palate. The response, or lack of response, to the stimulus was recorded on video and in written record. The bupivacaine hydrochloride injections lasted 1 to 3-hours before the animals responded to the sensory stimulation with a reflexive movement. This study provides evidence that bupivacaine used to anesthetize the hard palate has a relatively short and variable duration of action far below what is expected based on its pharmacokinetic properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/089875641403100205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,28]],"date-time":"2016-04-28T05:34:12Z","timestamp":1461821652000},"page":"92-95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Duration of Action of Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Used for Palatal Sensory Nerve Block in Infant Pigs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Shaina Devi","family":"Holman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (All Authors), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 98 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21231; and, the Department of Neural and Pain Sciences (Holman, German), University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estela M.","family":"Gierbolini-Norat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (All Authors), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 98 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21231; and, the Department of Neural and Pain Sciences (Holman, German), University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stacey L.","family":"Lukasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (All Authors), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 98 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21231; and, the Department of Neural and Pain Sciences (Holman, German), University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Campbell-Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (All Authors), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 98 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21231; and, the Department of Neural and Pain Sciences (Holman, German), University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (All Authors), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 98 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21231; and, the Department of Neural and Pain Sciences (Holman, German), University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca Z.","family":"German","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (All Authors), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 98 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21231; and, the Department of Neural and Pain Sciences (Holman, German), University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-089875641403100205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-56053-442-6.50054-1"},{"key":"bibr2-089875641403100205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e3283347c15"},{"key":"bibr3-089875641403100205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2010.03347.x"},{"key":"bibr4-089875641403100205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000221468.54751.09"},{"key":"bibr5-089875641403100205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02844319109020629"},{"key":"bibr6-089875641403100205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2007.05028.x"},{"key":"bibr7-089875641403100205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02844319950159668"},{"key":"bibr8-089875641403100205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00148581-200608030-00001"},{"key":"bibr9-089875641403100205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2010.06.002"},{"key":"bibr10-089875641403100205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1974.385997x"},{"key":"bibr11-089875641403100205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(69)90235-0"},{"key":"bibr12-089875641403100205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089875641102800301"},{"key":"bibr13-089875641403100205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(73)90178-7"},{"key":"bibr14-089875641403100205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90058-4"},{"key":"bibr15-089875641403100205","first-page":"561","volume-title":"Lumb & Jones' veterinary anesthesia and analgesia","author":"Skarda RT","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr16-089875641403100205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345930720061401"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/089875641403100205","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/089875641403100205","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:22:51Z","timestamp":1777508571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/089875641403100205"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/089875641403100205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/089875641403100205","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-7564","2470-4083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-7564","type":"print"},{"value":"2470-4083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}}}