{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T12:01:18Z","timestamp":1782820878022,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Vet Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) incongruity and morphological variations can result in clinical signs but have also been reported in asymptomatic brachycephalic dogs. The purpose of this study was to assess TMJ morphology in a group of brachycephalic dogs using computed tomography (CT). French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, Boxers, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), Chihuahuas, Lhasa Apsos, Pugs, Shih Tzus, and Staffordshire Bull Terriers were retrospectively enrolled. The severity of the TMJ morphological changes was determined using a modified 5-grade classification system. The intra- and inter-observer agreements were calculated. One hundred fifty-three dogs were included. When evaluating the medial aspect of the TMJ in the sagittal plane, there was a spectrum of variations in the shape of the head of the condylar process of the mandible, the mandibular fossa and the retroarticular process ranging from a rounded concave TMJ with a long retroarticular process to a flattened TMJ with an absent process. Variations in the articular surface of the head of the condyle in the transverse plane ranged from flat, through curved and trapezoid to sigmoid. The prevalence of severe TMJ dysplasia (grades B3 and C) in the CKCS and French Bulldog was high (69.2% and 53.8%, respectively). The intra- and inter-observer agreements were moderate. Variations in TMJ morphology exist in asymptomatic brachycephalic dogs. Marked changes seem to be highly prevalent in the French Bulldog and CKCS and should be considered a breed variation. The TMJ classification described in this study could be used to standardize assessment of canine TMJ morphology. However, further research is needed to determine its clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08987564231171529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T01:23:29Z","timestamp":1682645009000},"page":"137-147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Morphological Assessment of the Temporomandibular Joint in Asymptomatic Brachycephalic Dogs Using Computed Tomography"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7229-4007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Paran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Department, Langford Vets, Small Animal Referral Hospital, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Imaging Department, The University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3725-734X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Bouyssou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antech Imaging Services, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vets Now Hospital Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08987564231171529","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Miller and Evan\u2019s anatomy of the dog","author":"Hermanson JW","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr2-08987564231171529","unstructured":"King AM. Diagnostic imaging of the tympanic bulla and temporomandibular joint in the dog, cat and rabbit. 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Temporomandibular joint and masticatory apparatus. In: Schwarz T, Saunders J, eds. Veterinary computed tomography. 1st ed. 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