{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T03:48:31Z","timestamp":1787456911636,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,3,1]],"date-time":"1998-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":888710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Vet Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The teeth of five adult captive brown bears (Ursus arctos ssp.) were examined and radiographed for occlusion, loss of teeth, dental plaque and calculus, and attrition under general anesthesia. Deposits of dental calculus were found in various locations with an overall prevalence of 8% to 15% of all tooth surfaces. In all five animals, severe enamel and dentinal attrition defects were observed in canine teeth with exposed pulp. Cage-chewing behavior is probably the main cause for the dental attrition. The composition of the food and feeding management are most likely responsible for the lack of natural cleaning and the resulting plaque and calculus formation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>All affected canine teeth were treated with endodontic procedures using several materials and techniques, and evaluated one- to two-and-a-half years later by clinical examination, radiography, and scanning electron microscopy of silicone casts of the treated teeth. All coronal fillings were tight. The apices were not completely sealed in two teeth. We conclude that the use of adequate and specialized instrumentation and techniques for the treatment of these long, curved, large diameter root canals is more important than the particular endodontic and restorative materials used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The dental health status of zoo animals is an indicator of their general well-being. Preventive measures should be taken in their environment and management to minimize the risk of dental conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/089875649801500104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,28]],"date-time":"2016-04-28T05:34:12Z","timestamp":1461821652000},"page":"27-34","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Dental Health Status and Endodontic Treatment of Captive Brown Bears (\n                    <i>Ursus Arctos<\/i>\n                    ssp.) Living in the Bernese Bear Pit"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Christian J.","family":"Wenker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Zoo Animal Pathology, Institute for Animal Pathology, University of Berne, L\u00e4nggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne\/Switzerland (Wenker); the D\u00e4hlh\u00f6lzli Zoological Garden in Berne (M\u00fcller); the Departments of Surgery\/Stomatology and Anesthesiology of the Clinic for Small Domestic Animals, University of Berne\/Switzerland (Berger, Heiniger, Neiger-Aeschbacher, Schawalder); and the Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry of the University of Berne\/Switzerland (Lussi)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Zoo Animal Pathology, Institute for Animal Pathology, University of Berne, L\u00e4nggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne\/Switzerland (Wenker); the D\u00e4hlh\u00f6lzli Zoological Garden in Berne (M\u00fcller); the Departments of Surgery\/Stomatology and Anesthesiology of the Clinic for Small Domestic Animals, University of Berne\/Switzerland (Berger, Heiniger, Neiger-Aeschbacher, Schawalder); and the Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry of the University of Berne\/Switzerland (Lussi)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Zoo Animal Pathology, Institute for Animal Pathology, University of Berne, L\u00e4nggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne\/Switzerland (Wenker); the D\u00e4hlh\u00f6lzli Zoological Garden in Berne (M\u00fcller); the Departments of Surgery\/Stomatology and Anesthesiology of the Clinic for Small Domestic Animals, University of Berne\/Switzerland (Berger, Heiniger, Neiger-Aeschbacher, Schawalder); and the Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry of the University of Berne\/Switzerland (Lussi)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Heiniger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Zoo Animal Pathology, Institute for Animal Pathology, University of Berne, L\u00e4nggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne\/Switzerland (Wenker); the D\u00e4hlh\u00f6lzli Zoological Garden in Berne (M\u00fcller); the Departments of Surgery\/Stomatology and Anesthesiology of the Clinic for Small Domestic Animals, University of Berne\/Switzerland (Berger, Heiniger, Neiger-Aeschbacher, Schawalder); and the Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry of the University of Berne\/Switzerland (Lussi)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Neiger-Aeschbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Zoo Animal Pathology, Institute for Animal Pathology, University of Berne, L\u00e4nggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne\/Switzerland (Wenker); the D\u00e4hlh\u00f6lzli Zoological Garden in Berne (M\u00fcller); the Departments of Surgery\/Stomatology and Anesthesiology of the Clinic for Small Domestic Animals, University of Berne\/Switzerland (Berger, Heiniger, Neiger-Aeschbacher, Schawalder); and the Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry of the University of Berne\/Switzerland (Lussi)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Schawalder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Zoo Animal Pathology, Institute for Animal Pathology, University of Berne, L\u00e4nggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne\/Switzerland (Wenker); the D\u00e4hlh\u00f6lzli Zoological Garden in Berne (M\u00fcller); the Departments of Surgery\/Stomatology and Anesthesiology of the Clinic for Small Domestic Animals, University of Berne\/Switzerland (Berger, Heiniger, Neiger-Aeschbacher, Schawalder); and the Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry of the University of Berne\/Switzerland (Lussi)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Lussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Zoo Animal Pathology, Institute for Animal Pathology, University of Berne, L\u00e4nggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne\/Switzerland (Wenker); the D\u00e4hlh\u00f6lzli Zoological Garden in Berne (M\u00fcller); the Departments of Surgery\/Stomatology and Anesthesiology of the Clinic for Small Domestic Animals, University of Berne\/Switzerland (Berger, Heiniger, Neiger-Aeschbacher, Schawalder); and the Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry of the University of Berne\/Switzerland (Lussi)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-089875649801500104","volume-title":"Variations and diseases of the teeth of animals","author":"Colyer F","year":"1936"},{"key":"bibr2-089875649801500104","unstructured":"Bentz GH: Initiating a preventive dental program for exotic animals.\n                      Proc\n                      Exotic Anim Conf, 1986."},{"key":"bibr3-089875649801500104","volume-title":"A colour atlas of veterinary dentistry and oral surgery","author":"Kert\u00e9sz P","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr4-089875649801500104","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Manual of Small Animal Dentistry","author":"van Foreest AW","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr5-089875649801500104","first-page":"534","volume-title":"Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine","author":"Robinson PT","year":"1986","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr6-089875649801500104","first-page":"231","volume":"31","author":"Hillden N","year":"1989","journal-title":"Verhandlungsber Internat Symp Erkrankungen Zootiere"},{"key":"bibr7-089875649801500104","unstructured":"Wedlich V: Grossb\u00e4ren (Ursidae) in der veterin\u00e4rmedizinschen literatur. Dissertation Hannover, 1982."},{"key":"bibr8-089875649801500104","unstructured":"Forier RC, Miller T, Root canal therapy on two polar bears.\n                      Proc\n                      Am Assoc Zoo Vet; 213\u2013214, 1975."},{"key":"bibr9-089875649801500104","first-page":"617","volume-title":"Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine","author":"Fowler ME","year":"1978","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr10-089875649801500104","first-page":"205","volume":"139","author":"Dufour P","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann M\u00e9d V\u00e9t"},{"key":"bibr11-089875649801500104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1972.43.1.38"},{"key":"bibr12-089875649801500104","unstructured":"Black GV: A Work on Operative Dentistry. Chicago: Medico-dental Publishing Company, Vol.1, 203\u2013230, 1908."},{"key":"bibr13-089875649801500104","unstructured":"Stern P: Karies und Parodontose bei der fr\u00fchmittelalterlichen, mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Bev\u00f6lkerung von Chur. Dissertation Basel, 1976."},{"key":"bibr14-089875649801500104","volume-title":"International Species Inventory System: Normal physiological data","author":"Flesness NR (coordinator)","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr15-089875649801500104","unstructured":"Baronetzky-Mercier A: Blutbefunde bei zootieren nach eigenen untersuchungen und literaturangaben. Dissertation Giessen, 1992."},{"key":"bibr16-089875649801500104","first-page":"195","volume":"29","author":"Kertesz P","year":"1987","journal-title":"Verhandlungsber Int Symp Erkrankungen Zootiere"},{"key":"bibr17-089875649801500104","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine","author":"van Foreest AW","year":"1993","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr18-089875649801500104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20094590"},{"key":"bibr19-089875649801500104","first-page":"26","volume":"3","author":"Sedgwick CJ","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr20-089875649801500104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1975.167.07.655","volume":"167","author":"Greenstein ET","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr21-089875649801500104","unstructured":"Fagan DA: The pathogenesis of dental disease in carnivores.\n                      Proc\n                      Am Assoc Zoo Vet; 128\u2013131, 1980."},{"key":"bibr22-089875649801500104","volume-title":"Karies und Parodontopathien","author":"K\u00f6nig KG","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr23-089875649801500104","first-page":"443","volume":"9","author":"Anderson BG","year":"1937","journal-title":"J Biol Med"},{"key":"bibr24-089875649801500104","volume-title":"Diseases of laboratory primates","author":"Ruch TC","year":"1959"},{"key":"bibr25-089875649801500104","first-page":"165","volume":"22","author":"Brackmann M","year":"1980","journal-title":"Verhandlungsber Int Symp Erkrankungen Zootiere"},{"key":"bibr26-089875649801500104","unstructured":"van Foreest AW: Considerations in the clinical application of dental adhesive materials\/techniques in zoo animals. Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet; 15\u201318, 1991."},{"key":"bibr27-089875649801500104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089875649501200404"},{"key":"bibr28-089875649801500104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.1995.tb00148.x"},{"key":"bibr29-089875649801500104","first-page":"189","volume":"3","author":"Lussi A","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endodontie"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/089875649801500104","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/089875649801500104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:21:03Z","timestamp":1777508463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/089875649801500104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/089875649801500104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/089875649801500104","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-7564","2470-4083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-7564","type":"print"},{"value":"2470-4083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]}}}