{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:19:45Z","timestamp":1783009185567,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14SDG2045015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14SDG2045015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Driving after stroke requires complex coordination of cognitive and motor systems, yet the influence of post-stroke cognitive impairment on lower limb motor control during driving remains poorly understood. This pilot study examined the association between cognitive function and lower limb motor control of gas\/brake pedal control in stroke survivors. We hypothesized that compromised cognitive function would be associated with worse gas and brake pedal control. Twenty stroke survivors (65.89 \u00b1 9.67 years; 6 females) participated. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Useful Field of View (UFOV) test scores for divided and selective attention. Participants performed a car-following task in a driving simulator requiring precise gas and brake control. Pedal control was quantified by gas pedal error, brake force error, and brake response time. Participants were categorized into cognitively normal and cognitively impaired groups (n=10 each). Driving behavior was assessed using the Driving Habits Questionnaire (DHQ), and crash risk was determined via UFOV classification. Increased gas pedal error was associated with poorer MoCA scores and selective attention deficits. Delayed brake response times correlated with lower MoCA scores and poorer divided and selective attention. Although self-reported driving behavior was comparable between groups, 60% of cognitively impaired participants demonstrated moderate to high crash risk compared to cognitively normal participants, who exhibited low crash risk. Cognitive impairment after stroke is significantly linked to impaired lower limb control during driving and elevated crash risk. These findings highlight an urgent need to integrate cognitive assessment along with motor assessments in post-stroke rehabilitation. Future advances in neuroengineering technologies, and personalized motor-cognitive interventions could play a critical role in restoring safe driving capabilities and mobility independence after stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09226028251379341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T04:57:41Z","timestamp":1758603461000},"page":"102-111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of Cognitive Impairment on Pedal Control and Crash Risk Following Stroke: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0054-3908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Delmas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prakruti","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agostina","family":"Casamento-Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos A","family":"Christou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4192-515X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neha","family":"Lodha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"},{"name":"Colorado State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.07.004"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","first-page":"3110","article-title":"Visual attention problems as a predictor of vehicle crashes in older drivers","volume":"34","author":"Ball K.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ball K., Owsley C., Sloane M. E., Roenker D. L., Bruni J. R. (1993). Visual attention problems as a predictor of vehicle crashes in older drivers. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 34(11), 3110\u20133123.","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00852-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13931"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2012.00972.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215518823248"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000430"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/56.6.S343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154596802401105171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820936122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.185"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493017711813"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","article-title":"Motor output variability impairs driving ability in older adults","volume":"71","author":"Lodha N.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lodha N., Moon H., Kim C., Onushko T., Christou E. A., Kritchevsky S. (2016). Motor output variability impairs driving ability in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 71(12), glw013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glw013","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","article-title":"Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits following stroke","volume":"2013","author":"Loetscher T.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Loetscher T., Potter K. J., Wong D., das Nair R. (2019) Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits following stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(5), CD002842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002842.PUB3\/INFORMATION\/EN","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr1401-98"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296663"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","article-title":"Age and gender differences in time to collision at braking from the 100-Car naturalistic driving study","volume":"15","author":"Montgomery J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Montgomery J., Kusano K. D., Gabler H. C. (2014) Age and gender differences in time to collision at braking from the 100-Car naturalistic driving study. Traffic Injury Prevention, 15(Suppl 1), S15\u201320.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15389588.2014.928703","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199903000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","first-page":"525901","article-title":"Effects of different types of cognitive training on cognitive function, brain structure, and driving safety in senior daily drivers: A pilot study","volume":"2015","author":"Nozawa T.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nozawa T., Taki Y., Kanno A., Akimoto Y., Ihara M., Yokoyama R., Kotozaki Y., Nouchi R., Sekiguchi A., Takeuchi H., Miyauchi C. M., Ogawa T., Goto T., Sunda T., Shimizu T., Tozuka E., Hirose S., Nanbu T., Kawashima R. (2015). Effects of different types of cognitive training on cognitive function, brain structure, and driving safety in senior daily drivers: A pilot study. Behavioural Neurology, 2015(1), 525901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/525901","journal-title":"Behavioural Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.14.1083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.6.3.403"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","article-title":"Older drivers and cataract: Driving habits and crash risk","volume":"54","author":"Owsley C.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Owsley C., Stalvey B., Wells J., Sloane M. E. (1999) Older drivers and cataract: Driving habits and crash risk. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 54(4), M203\u2013M211.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/GERONA\/54.4.M203","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1685603"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440221096133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0474"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139508925238"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acu057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31824c17ee"}],"container-title":["Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09226028251379341","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09226028251379341","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09226028251379341","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:23:23Z","timestamp":1783005803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09226028251379341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09226028251379341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09226028251379341","relation":{},"ISSN":["0922-6028","1878-3627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0922-6028","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3627","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]}}}