{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T14:15:36Z","timestamp":1778249736857,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004484","name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["99-2-410-49553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["99-2-410-49553"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition characterized by inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal damage. These factors contribute significantly to the secondary injury phase, exacerbating tissue degeneration and impairing recovery. While many therapeutic approaches focus on reducing these detrimental processes, the use of natural products like\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Moringa peregrina<\/jats:italic>\n                      (M.P), a plant known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, remains underexplored. This study investigates the neuroprotective effects of the alcoholic extract of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Moringa peregrina<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaves on SCI, evaluating its impact on oxidative stress, inflammation, and both structural and functional recovery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, fifty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups: laminectomy (sham), SCI (injection of saline intraperitoneally for 21 days), and SCI +\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Moringa peregrina<\/jats:italic>\n                      (150\u2005mg\/kg of M.P extract injected intraperitoneally for 21 days). Motor function was assessed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale throughout the study period. At 21 days post-injury, we measured the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], total antioxidant capacity [TAC]), the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA), and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-18), alongside nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB). Histological analyses were performed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) and cresyl violet staining to evaluate neuronal damage and tissue density.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Intraperitoneal administration of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Moringa peregrina<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-18) and the oxidative stress marker MDA, while enhancing the activity of SOD, GPx, CAT, and TAC. These changes were associated with a marked reduction in NF-\u03baB expression. Histological analysis revealed less cellular damage and increased tissue density in the SCI +\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Moringa peregrina<\/jats:italic>\n                      group compared to the SCI group, indicating preserved neuronal structure. Furthermore, motor function recovery was significantly improved in the SCI +\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Moringa peregrina<\/jats:italic>\n                      group, as evidenced by higher BBB scores compared to the untreated SCI group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings of this study demonstrate that the alcoholic extract of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Moringa peregrina<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaves exerts neuroprotective effects through modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and structural preservation. The improvement in both motor function and spinal cord tissue integrity highlights the potential therapeutic value of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Moringa peregrina<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the treatment of SCI.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09226028261441206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T13:39:31Z","timestamp":1778074771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neuroprotective Effects of\n                    <i>Moringa Peregrina<\/i>\n                    Leaf Alcoholic Extract on Compression Model of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Hassan","family":"Tajik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad-Reza","family":"Delnavazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maedeh","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Gholaminejhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Ghaffari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Shabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AmirMohammad","family":"RezaeiRashnoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kobra","family":"Mehrania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Hassanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.11.019"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of different extracts from the aerial part of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori, from Jordan","volume":"30","author":"Al-Dabbas M. M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Dabbas M. M. (2017). Antioxidant activity of different extracts from the aerial part of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori, from Jordan. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 30(6), 2151\u20132157.","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-017-0986-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06190.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1190-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(00)00255-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of methanolic leaf extract of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori","volume":"7","author":"Dehshahri S.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dehshahri S., Wink M., Afsharypuor S., Asghari G., Mohagheghzadeh A. (2012). Antioxidant activity of methanolic leaf extract of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(2), 111. PMID: 23181088","journal-title":"Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22317\/jcms.v4i4.493"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-022-01977-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2014.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-019-01437-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2004.1.3.0311"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-016-0422-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.12.007"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","article-title":"Effect of Wharton's Jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells on the expression of NLRP3 receptor and neuroinflammation in experimental spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"MohAMAdi Y.","year":"2018","unstructured":"MohAMAdi Y., MouSAvi M., SEYED MOHAMMAD H. N. M., Abolhassani F., Ijaz S., Hassanzadeh G. (2018). Effect of Wharton's Jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells on the expression of NLRP3 receptor and neuroinflammation in experimental spinal cord injury. Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research, 12(10), AF01\u2013AF04. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2018\/37321.12168","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-020-00563-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22734"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","volume-title":"A dictionary of Iranian plant names: Latin, English, Persian","author":"Mozaffarian V.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mozaffarian V. (1996). A dictionary of Iranian plant names: Latin, English, Persian. Farhang Mo'aser."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2011-1848"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2008.00048.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00465"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/ajps.2005.630.635"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sliai A. M. Abdel-Rahman G. H. (2016). Protective effect of Moringa peregrina seed oil against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in male mice. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2018.00465","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00465"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2003.09.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1828-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920008786927794"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760902977432"}],"container-title":["Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09226028261441206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09226028261441206","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09226028261441206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T13:46:49Z","timestamp":1778248009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09226028261441206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09226028261441206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09226028261441206","relation":{},"ISSN":["0922-6028","1878-3627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0922-6028","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3627","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"article-number":"09226028261441206"}}