{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:03:20Z","timestamp":1784937800787,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is increasingly used as a neuromodulatory intervention to facilitate motor recovery after stroke. However, the frequency-specific effects of rTMS on lower-limb motor control and their neurophysiological correlates remain insufficiently clarified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the effects of low-frequency (1\u2005Hz) rTMS applied over the contralesional (unaffected) lower-limb motor area of the primary motor cortex and high-frequency (10\u2005Hz) rTMS applied over the ipsilesional (affected) lower-limb motor area on electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, affected-side lower-limb muscle activation, balance, and gait in individuals with chronic stroke.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-nine participants with chronic stroke were randomly assigned to a low-frequency rTMS group (n\u2009=\u200913), a high-frequency rTMS group (n\u2009=\u200913), or a sham group (n\u2009=\u200913). rTMS was delivered for 10 sessions over 2 weeks. Resting-state EEG (relative beta-band power at Cz), surface EMG of the affected-side rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius during sit-to-stand, Timed Up and Go (TUG), 10-meter walk test (10MWT), and limits of stability (LOS) were assessed before and after the intervention. A 3\u2009\u00d7\u20092 mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) (group\u2009\u00d7\u2009time) was conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant group \u00d7 time interactions were observed for rectus femoris activation (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and TUG performance (p\u2009=\u20090.037). Post hoc pairwise comparisons confirmed significantly greater improvements in TUG performance and rectus femoris activation in the low-frequency rTMS group than in the high-frequency and sham groups. Relative beta-band activity at Cz demonstrated a significant main effect of time (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) without a significant interaction effect. Similarly, 10MWT and LOS showed significant time effects (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) but no significant group\u2009\u00d7\u2009time interactions. No significant main effects of group were identified across outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Short-term rTMS was associated with improvements in selected neuromuscular outcomes, while changes in resting cortical activity, gait speed, and postural stability appeared to reflect general time-related effects. Low-frequency rTMS demonstrated greater improvements in rectus femoris activation and TUG performance compared with high-frequency and sham stimulation. These findings suggest that frequency-specific rTMS may preferentially influence neuromuscular strategies underlying dynamic mobility rather than steady-state gait performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09226028261455587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T13:59:26Z","timestamp":1782223166000},"page":"414-424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Electroencephalographic Activity, Lower-Limb Muscle Activation, and Balance in Patients with Stroke"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"MyungSeong","family":"Noh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Nambu University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MyungGi","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wise Rehabilitation Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00455-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26679"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.043164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241308142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286419878317"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10217881"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1762-05.2005"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","first-page":"721","article-title":"M-wave normalization of EMG signal to investigate heat stress and fatigue","volume":"21","author":"Girard O.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Girard O., Racinais S., P\u00e9riard J. D. (2018). M-wave normalization of EMG signal to investigate heat stress and fatigue. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(7), 721\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.11.001","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.649756"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01745-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-025-04112-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10848"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/np\/5688648"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/82.2.128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2008.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000144649.49861.1d"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00985"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215514552829"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.11.016"}],"container-title":["Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09226028261455587","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09226028261455587","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09226028261455587","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T23:16:24Z","timestamp":1784934984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09226028261455587"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09226028261455587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09226028261455587","relation":{},"ISSN":["0922-6028","1878-3627"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0922-6028","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3627","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]}}}