{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:08:00Z","timestamp":1786122480169,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Risk &amp; Safety in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medication-induced oral hyperpigmentation represents an adverse drug reaction characterized by variable latency and unclear mechanism. Diagnosis is particularly challenging in older adults due to non-specific symptoms, multiple comorbidities and polypharmacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case report<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We present the first documented case of a woman in her 80s experiencing patchy, bluish hyperpigmentation of dorsum of tongue and buccal mucosa with altered taste sensation and swallowing difficulty, in association with chronic venlafaxine ingestion that remained undiagnosed for many years. To establish the current diagnosis, a comprehensive history taking, clinical examination, blood investigations and imaging studies were utilized to rule out the endogenous causes. Following discontinuation of venlafaxine, at 1\u00a0month follow-up, there was complete resolution of oral hyperpigmentation together with significant improvement in dysphagia and dysgeusia indicating a probable association with the drug.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This report highlights the need for the healthcare professionals to be aware of the medications linked to oral hyperpigmentation to facilitate timely diagnosis, patient reassurance and optimize management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09246479261441855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T05:47:09Z","timestamp":1775886429000},"page":"471-475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chronic venlafaxine ingestion inducing bluish oral hyperpigmentation with dysgeusia and dysphagia: A case report"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6716-7724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamini","family":"Ajmera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Artemis Hospitals"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karandeep","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medanta - The Medicity"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasun","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artemis Hospitals"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13680"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S275783"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Psychotropic medication-related Black hairy tongue: a case series","author":"Mahato AN","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mahato AN, Kalita J, Chatterjee T, et al. Psychotropic medication-related Black hairy tongue: a case series. Indian J Psychol Med. 2025; 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02537176251363963","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13226945"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.25110"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","article-title":"Acquired asymptomatic blue tongue: a report of exogenous agent-associated tongue dyschromia and review of blue tongue etiologies","author":"Cohen PR","unstructured":"Cohen PR. Acquired asymptomatic blue tongue: a report of exogenous agent-associated tongue dyschromia and review of blue tongue etiologies. Cureus, Epub ahead of print 27 November 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.6243","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Venlafaxine - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf","year":"2025","unstructured":"Venlafaxine - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf, Singh D, Saadabadi A. Venlafaxine. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, 2025. [Updated 2024 Feb 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK535363\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.12.012"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","first-page":"234","article-title":"Where dysphagia begins: polypharmacy and xerostomia","volume":"37","author":"Marcott S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marcott S, Dewan K, Kwan M, et al. Where dysphagia begins: polypharmacy and xerostomia. Fed Pract 2020; 37(5): 234\u2013241.","journal-title":"Fed Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-025-05209-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796024000520"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1737113"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO)-Uppsala Monitoring Centre. The use of the WHO-UMC system for standardized case causality assessment. 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