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It\u2019s unclear how helpful\/harmful they are.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review brings together available evidence to evaluate the benefits and harms of NRIs in adults with ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched for all randomised controlled trials that compared NRIs to placebo\/no treatment in bibliographic databases (April 2025) and synthesised their results. We assessed the certainty of evidence applying GRADE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 21 trials, 5124 participants from Europe, Americas and Asia. NRIs may have little to no effect on people\u2019s ability to function in daily life, or on improving ADHD symptoms and quality of life. NRIs increased treatment discontinuation (RR 1.16, 95% CI [1.03, 1.30]) and non-serious adverse events (AEs) (RR 1.27, 95% CI [1.09, 1.49]), both with very low certainty. Atomoxetine increased serious AEs (RR 2.31, 95% CI [1.79, 2.97]; moderate certainty).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is probably more harm (compared to placebo) with atomoxetine use in adults, with over two-fold increase in the number of people with serious (life-threatening) adverse events, a higher proportion of people with any adverse event amongst patients taking atomoxetine and higher withdrawal rates of people treated with atomoxetine or reboxetine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09246479261461033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:13:36Z","timestamp":1789643616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6451-564X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilyara","family":"Nurkhametova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Russia Network of Volunteers, Kazan\u2013Moscow, Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina V.","family":"Yudina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Russia Network of Volunteers, Kazan\u2013Moscow, Russian Federation"},{"name":"City Children\u2019s Hospital \u21161"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7873-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinghui","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter"},{"name":"NIHR Applied Research Collaboration South West Peninsula"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6321-5859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatyana","family":"Abakumova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1999-0705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliya Eugenevna","family":"Ziganshina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Russia Network of Volunteers, Kazan\u2013Moscow, Russian Federation"},{"name":"Kazan State Medical University (KSMU)"},{"name":"Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia, Named After Patrice Lumumba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1064141"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","volume-title":"Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"1992","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). 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