{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:35:19Z","timestamp":1792787719842,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan","award":["NSTC 113-2622-8-280-001 -SP2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2622-8-280-001 -SP2"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kv4zf79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan","award":["NSTC 113-2622-8-280-002 -IE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2622-8-280-002 -IE"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kv4zf79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Higher Education Sprout Project, Ministry of Education, Taiwan","award":["7100-K113001-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7100-K113001-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Technology and Health Care"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Muscle strength, endurance, and muscle quality are important determinants of upper-limb function. Although surface electromyography (sEMG) characterizes muscle activation and fatigue, its integration with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for muscle quality assessment remains limited.\n                    \n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study investigated neuromuscular responses during graded handgrip contractions and evaluated an exploratory muscle quality (MQ) index integrating sEMG and BIA measures in healthy adults.\n                    \n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Fifty-three healthy adults (35 males and 18 females) performed maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) followed by graded handgrip contractions at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% MVC. Surface EMG was recorded from the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachioradialis, and flexor carpi ulnaris. Root mean square (RMS) and frequency-domain features were extracted, with median frequency (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">f<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>median<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) selected as the representative frequency-domain outcome for nonparametric analyses and linear mixed-effects analysis. The MQ index integrated grip strength, muscle mass, body fat, and RMS and was evaluated using Spearman correlation.\n                    \n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    RMS increased with contraction intensity, whereas\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">f<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>median<\/jats:sub>\n                    increased to a peak at 60% MVC and then gradually declined with the lowest values at 100% MVC. Significant fixed effect and interaction indicated that neuromuscular responses varied by gender, muscle, contraction stage, and muscle mass. The MQ index correlated moderately with right-arm muscle mass and phase angle but weakly with the conventional muscle quality index.\n                    \n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Integrating sEMG and BIA provides complementary information on muscle activation, fatigue, and tissue characteristics beyond conventional strength-based measures, supporting assessment of upper-limb neuromuscular function and muscle quality.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09287329261481702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T14:19:03Z","timestamp":1789741143000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surface electromyography\u2013based assessment of upper-limb muscle strength, endurance, and muscle quality during graded handgrip tasks in healthy\u00a0adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0268-4392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Ju","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9285-557X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalie","family":"Vertudes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Jer","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0457-0804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4080-7357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-23-10105.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.09.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203503591"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Cross-correlation of EMG signals: theoretical and experimental analysis","volume":"39","author":"Clancy EA","year":"2001","unstructured":"Clancy EA, Farina D, Merletti R. 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