{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:01:22Z","timestamp":1791892882679,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Technology and Health Care"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traditional mirror therapy relies on fixed kinematic symmetry, often neglecting the trade-offs between movement accuracy, stability, and muscular effort. This study developed a Multimodal Adaptive Mirror Therapy system featuring a multi-objective controller for personalized gait rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and evaluate a multimodal adaptive mirror therapy system that integrates gait kinematics, postural stability, and muscular activation into a unified multi-objective optimization framework for personalized gait rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-six subjects underwent asymmetric gait training with unilateral limb restraint to simulate asymmetric gait patterns. The proposed system integrated camera-based gait data, inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based stability metrics, and electromyography (EMG) activation into a unified objective function. Optimization was dynamically adjusted via a weighted harmonic mean of multimodal scores. Normalized mutual information (NMI) was used to quantify dependencies, while interquartile range (IQR) analysis evaluated controller stability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NMI analysis revealed significant dependencies between all modalities (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), with the training parameter showing the strongest correlation with stability (NMI\u2009=\u20090.342). The multimodal controller achieved balanced, near-optimal performance, yielding median scores of 97.81% for stability and 92.44% for gait. Notably, it exhibited the lowest inter-participant variability among all strategies in the stability domain (IQR: 24.80%), compared to substantially wider dispersions observed under unimodal controllers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated that a multimodal, closed-loop control scheme can effectively resolve performance trade-offs in gait training. By transitioning from rigid imitation to dynamic multi-objective optimization, the system provided a robust, intelligent closed-loop platform, establishing a practical foundation for patient-centered robotic rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09287329261496166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:28:11Z","timestamp":1791617291000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multimodal adaptive mirror therapy through gait adaptation on a split-belt treadmill for gait training"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2908-8591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8809-6383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kangjie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cenwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Bastian AJ. Long term split belt treadmill training for stroke recovery. Clinical Trials. Gov (NCT01646216). Clinical trial record https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01646216?term=stroke%20belt&viewType=Table&rank=2 (2019 accessed 1 January 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1409304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14698"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1729"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-190935"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.483"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00732-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0337-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"55424","article-title":"Using a split-belt treadmill to evaluate generalization of human locomotor adaptation","volume":"23","author":"Vasudevan EV","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vasudevan EV, Hamzey RJ, Kirk EM. 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