{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T21:17:36Z","timestamp":1778793456425,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711843200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["209795\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["209795\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["History of the Human Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article examines three films made during the 1950s by Elwyn James Anthony at the psychotic clinic for children at the Maudsley Hospital that marked an important transition in the purpose and practice of visual documentation in a clinical setting: film as a research tool was transitioning from the recording of external signs as indicators of internal subjective states, to the capture of the visual flow of communication between subjects. It is a shift that had a particular impact on the emergent classification of autism, a modality not yet properly separated from the broader term of psychosis, as a non-relational condition whose visual capture demonstrated a void of inter-human communicational exchange. Film was significant not only as a recording apparatus, but as a method of cutting and crafting sequences of movements into brief repetitive motifs. The filmed behaviour of children remained opaque to interpretation, a \u2018finding\u2019 that facilitated the modelling of an emergent autism as subjects who were isolated, alienated and automaton-like, inhabiting a separate temporality. The article situates this \u2018second\u2019, affectless autism, within a broader context of post-war research into gestures as a language of the body, developed largely through an intellectual network of German \u00e9migr\u00e9 psychoanalysts who had fled to the US and UK in the 1930s.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09526951241238650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T02:53:40Z","timestamp":1711940020000},"page":"117-137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The visualization of autism: Filming children at the Maudsley Hospital, London, 1957\u20138"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0581-2193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"Harbord","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary University of London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09526951241238650","unstructured":"Anthony E. J. (1957a) Approaches to Objects by Psychotic Children [Film]. London: University of London, Institute of Psychiatry."},{"key":"bibr2-09526951241238650","unstructured":"Anthony E. J. (1957b) Aspects of Childhood Psychosis [Film]. London: University of London, Institute of Psychiatry."},{"key":"bibr3-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1958.tb01968.x"},{"key":"bibr4-09526951241238650","unstructured":"Anthony E. J. (1958b) The Natural History of a Psychotic Illness in Childhood [Film]. London: University of London, Institute of Psychiatry."},{"key":"bibr5-09526951241238650","first-page":"529","volume-title":"The Child in His Family: Children at Psychiatric Risk","author":"Anthony E. J.","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr6-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0533316409357135"},{"key":"bibr7-09526951241238650","volume-title":"The Invulnerable Child","author":"Anthony E. J.","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr8-09526951241238650","volume-title":"Group Psychotherapy: The Psychoanalytic Approach","author":"Anthony E. J.","year":"1957"},{"key":"bibr9-09526951241238650","volume-title":"Steps to an Ecology of Mind","author":"Bateson G.","year":"1972"},{"key":"bibr10-09526951241238650","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Psychoanalytic Study of the Child","volume":"3","author":"Bergman P.","year":"1949"},{"key":"bibr11-09526951241238650","volume-title":"All My Sins Remembered: Another Part of a Life and the Other Side of Genius: Family Letters","author":"Bion W. R."},{"key":"bibr12-09526951241238650","volume-title":"Introduction to Kinesics: An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture","author":"Birdwhistell R.","year":"1952"},{"key":"bibr13-09526951241238650","volume-title":"Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias","author":"Bleuler E."},{"key":"bibr14-09526951241238650","first-page":"739","volume-title":"The Essentials of Postgraduate Psychiatry","author":"Bloch S.","year":"1986","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr15-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/mod.2019.0060"},{"key":"bibr16-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520340664"},{"key":"bibr17-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01561637"},{"key":"bibr18-09526951241238650","volume-title":"Screening the Body: Tracing Medicine\u2019s Visual Culture","author":"Cartwright L.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr19-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822379119"},{"key":"bibr20-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6569.001.0001"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr21-09526951241238650","first-page":"42","volume":"17","author":"Davis M.","journal-title":"Visual Anthropology Review"},{"key":"bibr22-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1pnc1jq"},{"key":"bibr23-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09518398.2022.2025492"},{"key":"bibr24-09526951241238650","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Holisms of Communication: The Early History of Audio-visual Sequence Analysis","author":"Engelke H.","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr25-09526951241238650","volume-title":"The Metamorphosis of Autism","author":"Evans B.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr26-09526951241238650","unstructured":"Evans B. (2019, 27 November) \u2018The Science of Atypical Child Development: Cinema and Epidemiology in the Twentieth Century\u2019, paper presented at \u2018Estimating, Locating, and Comparing Mental Disorders in the Second Part of the Twentieth Century: Psychiatric Epidemiology in Historical Perspective\u2019, Workshop Collegium de Lyon, available at: https:\/\/collegium.universite-lyon.fr\/medias\/fichier\/programme-workshop-collegium-ihrim-27-10-2019-final_1574757741505-pdf."},{"key":"bibr27-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X231212325"},{"key":"bibr28-09526951241238650","first-page":"43","volume":"16","author":"Farnell B.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Visual Anthropology"},{"key":"bibr29-09526951241238650","volume-title":"Introduction to Group Analytic Psychotherapy","author":"Foulkes S.","year":"1948"},{"key":"bibr30-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life","author":"Goffman E.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003320609-59"},{"key":"bibr31-09526951241238650","volume-title":"The Analysis of Culture","author":"Hall E. T.","year":"1953"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr32-09526951241238650","first-page":"129","volume":"8","author":"Harbord J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"NECSUS"},{"key":"bibr33-09526951241238650","unstructured":"Harbord J. (2021, March) \u2018Filming in Clinical Settings: Negotiating Film Grammar in the Late 1950s\u2019, paper presented at Film, Observation and the Mind symposium, available at: https:\/\/www.autism-through-cinema.org.uk\/events-and-workshops."},{"key":"bibr34-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.5.698"},{"key":"bibr35-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5117\/9789089640130"},{"key":"bibr36-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0952695120924266"},{"key":"bibr37-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3366\/pah.2022.0421"},{"key":"bibr38-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/jrn065"},{"key":"bibr39-09526951241238650","unstructured":"Kamp L. N. J. (1961\u20136) Autistic Syndrome [Film]. Utrecht: Stichting films en wetenschap universitaire film."},{"key":"bibr41-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.114.7.609"},{"key":"bibr42-09526951241238650","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Emerging Strategies in Social Psychological Research","author":"Kendon A.","year":"1979"},{"key":"bibr43-09526951241238650","volume-title":"The Culture of Time and Space, 1880\u20131918","author":"Kern S.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr44-09526951241238650","volume-title":"The Freud-Klein Controversies, 1941\u201345","author":"King P.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr45-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/gest.19019.lem"},{"key":"bibr46-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/501105"},{"key":"bibr47-09526951241238650","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Holisms of Communication: The Early History of Audio-visual Sequence Analysis","author":"Leeds-Hurwitz W.","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr48-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)62275-5"},{"key":"bibr49-09526951241238650","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Autism and Representation","author":"McDonagh P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr50-09526951241238650","volume-title":"Holisms of Communication: The Early History of Audio-visual Sequence Analysis"},{"key":"bibr51-09526951241238650","volume-title":"Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal About Thought","author":"McNeill D.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr52-09526951241238650","volume-title":"Listening","author":"Nancy J. L.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr53-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/utq.79.2.838"},{"key":"bibr54-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.9365350"},{"key":"bibr55-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1968.tb02204.x"},{"key":"bibr56-09526951241238650","first-page":"93","volume-title":"Digital Tools in Media Studies, Analysis and Research: An Overview","author":"Tsivian Y.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr57-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-015-9655-4"},{"key":"bibr58-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/GREY_a_00211"},{"key":"bibr59-09526951241238650","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Holisms of Communication: The Early History of Audio-visual Sequence Analysis","author":"Watter S.","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr60-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781580467612-012"},{"key":"bibr61-09526951241238650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700053332"},{"key":"bibr62-09526951241238650","volume-title":"Authoring Autism: On Rhetoric and Neurological Queerness","author":"Yergeau R.","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["History of the Human Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09526951241238650","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09526951241238650","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09526951241238650","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:02:02Z","timestamp":1777449722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09526951241238650"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09526951241238650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09526951241238650","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-6951","1461-720X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-6951","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-720X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]}}}