{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:18:18Z","timestamp":1777925898009,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]],"date-time":"2016-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Multi-hole nozzles have a wide range of application in the fuel supply system of modern diesel engines, although single-hole nozzles dominate basic internal flow and spray research. The parameters of the nozzle geometry are crucial factors that can alter the internal flow dynamics of the nozzle and the consequent spray behaviours. The novelty of this study lies in implementing the application of practical prototype mini-sac multi-hole diesel nozzles to experimental and numerical studies. The internal flow and spray characteristics generated by practical multi-hole (10-hole) nozzles with different sac wall thicknesses (0.4 mm, 0.6 mm and 0.8 mm) were investigated in conjunction with a series of experimental and computational methods using a constant injection quantity (2 mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/hole). Globally, the analysis mainly concentrated on different nozzle flow dynamics, different injection processes and different spray morphologies. Specifically, the high-speed video observation method was applied to visualize the injection processes and the spray evolution of different nozzles inside a high-pressure vessel. Furthermore, numerical simulations were conducted to reveal the three-dimensional nature of the internal flow inside different configurations; this was instructive in helping us to understand better the mechanism behind the spray behaviours. The results indicate that intense cavitating, turbulent and spiral rotating flow patterns occur inside practical multi-hole nozzles, and the consequent sprays emerging from the nozzles are perturbed, asymmetrical and unstable in both the near field and the far field. Moreover, a decrease in the nozzle hole length can increase the effects of cavitation, turbulence, the void fraction and the axial and radial injection velocity components on the nozzle hole exit; this is accompanied by an intriguing longer injection duration, wider near-field and far-field spray widths, a lower injection rate, and overlapping or even shorter spray propagation. However, these changes are not linear, and different parameters have different sensitivities to the variation in the nozzle hole length.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954407016653890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]],"date-time":"2016-06-20T22:04:43Z","timestamp":1466460283000},"page":"500-515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Characterization of multi-hole nozzle sprays and internal flow for different nozzle hole lengths in direct-injection diesel engines"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"Pengbo","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical System Engineering, University of Hiroshima, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiya","family":"Nishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical System Engineering, University of Hiroshima, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youichi","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical System Engineering, University of Hiroshima, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0954407016653890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1468087413514307"},{"key":"bibr2-0954407016653890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954407013491894"},{"key":"bibr3-0954407016653890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.10.048"},{"key":"bibr4-0954407016653890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/1468087011545316"},{"key":"bibr5-0954407016653890","volume-title":"IMechE seminar on fuel injection systems","author":"Afzal H"},{"key":"bibr6-0954407016653890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.5450360405"},{"key":"bibr7-0954407016653890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/PIME_PROC_1959_173_054_02"},{"key":"bibr8-0954407016653890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiroyasu H, Arai M. Structures of fuel sprays in diesel engines. SAE paper 900475, 1990.","DOI":"10.4271\/900475"},{"key":"bibr9-0954407016653890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7930(95)00017-7"},{"key":"bibr10-0954407016653890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaves H, Knapp M, Kubitzek A, Experimental study of cavitation in the nozzle hole of diesel injectors using transparent nozzles. SAE paper 950290, 1995.","DOI":"10.4271\/950290"},{"key":"bibr11-0954407016653890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/AtomizSpr.v5.i6.30"},{"key":"bibr12-0954407016653890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/AtomizSpr.v8.i3.50"},{"key":"bibr13-0954407016653890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araneo L, Coghe A, Brunello G, Experimental investigation of gas density effects on diesel spray penetration and entrainment. 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Cavitation inside multi-hole injectors for large diesel engines and its effect on the near-field spray structure. SAE paper 2006-01-1114, 2006.","DOI":"10.4271\/2006-01-1114"},{"key":"bibr40-0954407016653890","unstructured":"Dong PB, Inaba T, Nishida K, Ogata Y. Characterization of small injection amount fuel spray injected by the multi-hole nozzle for diesel engines. In: ICLASS-2015, 13th international conference on liquid atomization and spray systems, Tainan, Taiwan, 23\u201327 August 2015, paper 066. 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