{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T03:33:48Z","timestamp":1791776028504,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a new, two-stage methodology to estimate the relative marginal cost of different types of vehicles running on the rail infrastructure. This information is important particularly where the infrastructure managers wish to differentiate the track access charges by vehicle type for the purpose of incentivizing the development and use of more track-friendly vehicles. EU legislation requires that the European infrastructure managers set the access charges based on the incremental (marginal) cost of the running trains on their networks. The novelty of the approach derives from the combination of: (1) engineering simulation methods that estimate the track damage caused by the rail vehicles; and (2) econometric methods that estimate the relationship between the actual maintenance costs and the different damage mechanisms. This two-stage approach fills an important gap in the literature, given the limitations of the existing \u201csingle-stage\u201d engineering or econometric approaches in obtaining the relative marginal costs for different types of damage. The authors demonstrate the feasibility of the method using 45 track sections from Sweden, for which the data on maintenance costs are available together with relevant track and vehicle data for 2012 (supplied by the Swedish Transport Administration). The authors demonstrate the feasibility of producing summary, section-level damage measures for the three damage mechanisms (wear, rolling contact fatigue, and track settlement), which can be taken forward to the second stage. The econometric results of the second stage indicate that it is possible to obtain sensible relationships between cost and the different damage types, and thus produce relative marginal costs by the damage mechanism and in turn the vehicle type. Based on this feasibility study, tracksettlement has been found to be the most expensive (in terms of maintenance cost) of the three mechanisms, followed by the rolling contact fatigue and then the wear. Future applications should focus on larger datasets in order to produce the required degree of precision on the estimation of the marginal cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954409717698850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T01:14:34Z","timestamp":1494378874000},"page":"620-636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Estimating the relative cost of track damage mechanisms: combining economic and engineering approaches"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Iwnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Railway Research, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniruddha","family":"Kaushal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Railway Research, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristofer","family":"Odolinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparment of Transport Economics, The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phill","family":"Wheat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0954409717698850","volume-title":"The fourth railway package \u2013 Completing the single European railway area to foster European competitiveness and growth","author":"European Commission","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr2-0954409717698850","volume-title":"Directive 2012\/34\/EC recast of the first railway package","author":"European Commission","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr3-0954409717698850","volume-title":"Final determination of Network Rail\u2019s outputs and funding for 2014-19","author":"ORR","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr4-0954409717698850","first-page":"189","volume":"42","author":"Wheat PE","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Transp Econ Policy"},{"key":"bibr5-0954409717698850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mills S, Ling D, Bevan A, et\u00a0al. Improving the rail industry\u2019s Vehicle-Track Interaction Strategic Model (VTISM) to include Wheelset Management Modelling. In:\n                      IET asset management conference 2011\n                      . New York: IEEE, 2011.","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2011.0570"},{"key":"bibr6-0954409717698850","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2003.12.002"},{"key":"bibr7-0954409717698850","volume-title":"Deliverable 8\u2009-\u2009Rail cost allocations for Europe, CATRIN (Cost Allocation of TRransport INfrastructure cost)","author":"Wheat P","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr8-0954409717698850","first-page":"954","volume":"46","author":"Andersson M","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transport Res Part A"},{"key":"bibr9-0954409717698850","unstructured":"Burstow M. Whole life rail model application and development for RSSB \u2013 development of an RCF damage parameter. RSSB Report, AEATR-ES-2003-832 Issue 1, October 2003."},{"key":"bibr10-0954409717698850","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420004892"},{"key":"bibr11-0954409717698850","unstructured":"Ekberg A and Paulsson B. \u2018INNOTRACK: Concluding technical report. 2010."},{"key":"bibr12-0954409717698850","unstructured":"Smith ASJ, Kaushal A, Odolinski K, et\u00a0al. Estimating the damage and marginal cost of different vehicle types on rail infrastructure: Combining economic and engineering approaches. In:\n                      The Stephenson conference \u2013 Research for railways\n                      . London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2015."},{"key":"bibr13-0954409717698850","volume-title":"An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis","author":"Coelli TJ","year":"2005","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr14-0954409717698850","unstructured":"Munduch G, Pfister A, S\u00f6gner L, et\u00a0al. Estimating marginal costs for the Austrian Railway System. Vienna University of Economics & B.A., Working Paper No. 78, February 2002."},{"key":"bibr15-0954409717698850","unstructured":"\u00d6berg J, Andersson E and Gunnarsson J.\n                      Track access charging with respect to vehicle characteristics\n                      . 2nd ed Rapport LA-BAN 2007\/31, Banverket (In Swedish), 2007."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0954409717698850","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0954409717698850","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0954409717698850","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:59:36Z","timestamp":1777672776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0954409717698850"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0954409717698850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0954409717698850","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4097","2041-3017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4097","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3017","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}}}