{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T18:20:01Z","timestamp":1782411601129,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]],"date-time":"2018-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Air pollution from diesel emissions is becoming an increased international concern, and whilst attention has been primarily focused on the automotive industry, concerns have also been raised about emissions from diesel rail vehicles. This paper reports an extensive series of measurements made at the Birmingham New Street station, a major rail interchange in the Midlands of England, with a mix of diesel and electric train movements, which is of particular concern because of the enclosed nature of the platforms. This study was undertaken in collaboration with Network Rail to better understand the environment in and around the station over a longer period to provide a more detailed analysis of the complex environment at the station. The station environment has been considered in terms of the European Union (EU) and Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) limits as part of the monitoring methodology, but it should be noted that these limits do not apply in this environment as the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation 1999 and the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 are applicable. The monitoring campaign consisted of diffusion tube measurements to measure nitrogen dioxide at a large number of different locations throughout and around the station. These were followed by detailed measurements of oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, carbon dioxide and black carbon (a diesel tracer) at a smaller number of sites at the platform level. The results are analysed to give concentrations over a wide variety of time scales, and long- and short-term averages. The effects of ambient wind conditions and individual train movements are also considered. Recommendations are made for possible remedial measures and for future work to more fully understand the physical mechanisms involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954409717752180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]],"date-time":"2018-01-16T03:27:40Z","timestamp":1516073260000},"page":"1864-1878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Evaluation of air quality at the Birmingham New Street Railway Station"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"232","author":[{"given":"AL","family":"Hickman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CJ","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JM","family":"Delgado-Saborit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JE","family":"Thornes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0954409717752180","unstructured":"Khomami N. Number of UK train journeys has doubled since 1997, report finds.\n                      The Guardian\n                      (London), 2015."},{"key":"bibr2-0954409717752180","unstructured":"Lancefield N. Train travel has more than doubled since privatisation.\n                      Independent\n                      (London), 2015."},{"key":"bibr3-0954409717752180","volume-title":"Passenger rail usage: 2016\u201317 Q4 statistical release","author":"ORR","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr4-0954409717752180","volume-title":"Rail infrastructure, assets and environmental: 2015\u201316 annual statistical release","author":"ORR","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr5-0954409717752180","volume-title":"Britain\u2019s transport infrastructure: rail electrification","author":"Department for Transport","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr6-0954409717752180","unstructured":"IARC.\n                      IARC: diesel engine exhaust carcinogenic\n                      . Lyon: World Health Organization, 2012."},{"key":"bibr7-0954409717752180","unstructured":"HSE.\n                      Diesel engine exhaust emissions\n                      , London: Health and Safety Executive, 2012."},{"key":"bibr8-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/9\/094012"},{"key":"bibr9-0954409717752180","unstructured":"Department for Transport.\n                      Non-road mobile machinery\n                      , London: Department for Transport, 2017."},{"key":"bibr10-0954409717752180","unstructured":"Chong U. Air quality impact of trains in London Paddington station. In:\n                      Twenty-third CRC real world emissions workshop\n                      , 8th April 2013, United States: Coordinating Research Council California, 2013."},{"key":"bibr11-0954409717752180","unstructured":"DieselNet.\n                      Emission standards: Europe: nonroad engines\n                      , Ontario: DieselNet, 2014."},{"key":"bibr12-0954409717752180","unstructured":"DieselNet.\n                      Emission standards: Europe: heavy-duty truck and bus engines\n                      , Ontario: DieselNet, 2012."},{"key":"bibr13-0954409717752180","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union.\n                      Directive 2008\/50\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe\n                      .\n                      L 152\/1\n                      , European Union United Kingdom: Official Journal of the European Union, 2008."},{"key":"bibr14-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.05.012"},{"key":"bibr15-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2012.05.0127"},{"key":"bibr16-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09544097JRRT407"},{"key":"bibr17-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.12.049"},{"key":"bibr18-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.11.058"},{"key":"bibr19-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.10.042"},{"key":"bibr20-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.12.007"},{"key":"bibr21-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.04.043"},{"key":"bibr22-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.07.022"},{"key":"bibr23-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X12464507"},{"key":"bibr24-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-5055-2012"},{"key":"bibr25-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954409711408774"},{"key":"bibr26-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2011.04.013"},{"key":"bibr27-0954409717752180","volume-title":"Environmental air quality monitoring assessment: Waverley station, Edinburgh","author":"Gardner B","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr28-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es304481m"},{"key":"bibr29-0954409717752180","unstructured":"Network Rail.\n                      Birmingham New Street station opens to passengers\n                      , London: Network Rail, 2015."},{"key":"bibr30-0954409717752180","unstructured":"Network Rail.\n                      Record number of people use Birmingham New Street as Christmas market gets underway\n                      , London: Network Rail, 2016."},{"key":"bibr31-0954409717752180","first-page":"99","volume":"170","author":"Thornes JE","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Instn Civil Engs Transp"},{"key":"bibr32-0954409717752180","unstructured":"CIRAS.\n                      Diesel fumes at Birmingham New Street\n                      , London: CIRAS, 2013."},{"key":"bibr33-0954409717752180","unstructured":"CIRAS.\n                      Air quality during station work at Birmingham New Street\n                      , London: CIRAS, 2013."},{"key":"bibr34-0954409717752180","unstructured":"Farnell H, Horrocks S, Bollan G, et\u00a0al.\n                      Birmingham New Street Gateway: air quality survey final report.\n                      London: Atkins, 2009."},{"key":"bibr35-0954409717752180","unstructured":"DEFRA.\n                      Local bias adjustment factors\n                      , London: DEFRA, 2017."},{"key":"bibr36-0954409717752180","unstructured":"Magee Scientific\n                      . Aethalometer model AE33 user manual.\n                      Ljubljana: Aerosol d.o.o, 2016, pp.55\u201383."},{"key":"bibr37-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-1965-2015"},{"key":"bibr38-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-4-245-2011"},{"key":"bibr39-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.57.10.1214"},{"key":"bibr40-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(03)00359-8"},{"key":"bibr41-0954409717752180","unstructured":"Jezek I. Aethalometer calibration. In: Hickman A (ed), 2017."},{"key":"bibr42-0954409717752180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/niox.1999.0232"},{"key":"bibr43-0954409717752180","unstructured":"DEFRA.\n                      Update on implementation of the daily air quality index\n                      , London: DEFRA, 2013."},{"key":"bibr44-0954409717752180","unstructured":"HSE.\n                      Control of diesel engine exhaust emissions in the workplace\n                      , London: Health and Safety Executive, 2012."},{"key":"bibr45-0954409717752180","unstructured":"BDSP Partnership.\n                      Pollutant dispersion from Class 220 trains.\n                      Report prepared for AEA Technology, 2002."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0954409717752180","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0954409717752180","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0954409717752180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:59:54Z","timestamp":1777672794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0954409717752180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0954409717752180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0954409717752180","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4097","2041-3017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4097","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3017","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]]}}}