{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T02:22:07Z","timestamp":1791080527521,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,7]],"date-time":"2011-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317945600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Several mass\u2013spring\u2013damper models have been developed to study the response of the human body to the collision with the ground during hopping, trotting, or running. The mass, spring, and damper elements represent the masses, stiffness properties, and damping properties of hard and soft tissues. The masses that models are composed of are connected to each other via springs and dampers. The present paper reviews the various types of mass\u2013spring\u2013damper models including one-body and multi-body models. The models are further categorized as being either passive or active. In passive models, the mechanical properties (stiffness and damping) of soft tissues remain constant regardless of the type of footwear, ground stiffness, etc. In active models, the mechanical properties adapt to external loads. The governing equations of motion of all models as well as their parameters are presented. The specific ways that the models take account of the shoe\u2013ground interactions are discussed as well. The methods used for determination of different modelling parameters are briefly surveyed. The advantages and disadvantages of the different types of mass\u2013spring\u2013damper models are also discussed. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of possible future research trends in the area of mass\u2013spring\u2013damper modelling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411911424210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,7]],"date-time":"2011-10-07T22:50:34Z","timestamp":1318027834000},"page":"1121-1135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Mass\u2013spring\u2013damper modelling of the human body to study running and hopping \u2013 an overview"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"A A","family":"Nikooyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A A","family":"Zadpoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00151-7"},{"key":"bibr2-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2007.06.004"},{"key":"bibr3-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(89)90224-8"},{"key":"bibr4-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90042-2"},{"key":"bibr5-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00029-1"},{"key":"bibr6-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050330"},{"key":"bibr7-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199805000-00017"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr8-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.185.1.71","volume":"185","author":"Farley C. T.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"bibr9-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00133-5"},{"key":"bibr10-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0388"},{"key":"bibr11-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01164.2000"},{"key":"bibr12-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200208000-00014"},{"issue":"16","key":"bibr13-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.16.2405","volume":"203","author":"Donelan J. M.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"bibr14-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.71.3.863"},{"key":"bibr15-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00245-7"},{"key":"bibr16-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.71.6.2127"},{"key":"bibr17-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2009.02.002"},{"key":"bibr18-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(03)00071-8"},{"key":"bibr19-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.06.040"},{"key":"bibr20-0954411911424210","first-page":"139","volume":"2","author":"Hunter I.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"bibr21-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2005.05.011"},{"key":"bibr22-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1975.39.1.174"},{"key":"bibr23-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp017069"},{"key":"bibr24-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.62.6.2326"},{"key":"bibr25-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.08.005"},{"key":"bibr26-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.09.016"},{"key":"bibr27-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000117116.90297.E1"},{"key":"bibr28-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31817571ae"},{"key":"bibr29-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199908000-00002"},{"key":"bibr30-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.11.009"},{"key":"bibr31-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-821327"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr32-0954411911424210","first-page":"293","volume":"7","author":"Grimston S. K.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr33-0954411911424210","first-page":"353","volume":"44","author":"Wheat J. S.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hum. Mov. Stud."},{"key":"bibr34-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03601.x"},{"key":"bibr35-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138305"},{"key":"bibr36-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90252-7"},{"key":"bibr37-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.16.1.36"},{"key":"bibr38-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(94)90038-8"},{"key":"bibr39-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00048-2"},{"key":"bibr40-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00243-3"},{"key":"bibr41-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-2526.2004.01513.x"},{"key":"bibr42-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.08.015"},{"key":"bibr43-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.08.029"},{"key":"bibr44-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/095441104323118897"},{"key":"bibr45-0954411911424210","volume-title":"Biomechanics of human motion","author":"Williams M.","year":"1966"},{"key":"bibr46-0954411911424210","unstructured":"Cole G. K. Loading of the joints of the lower extremities during the impact phase in running, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, 1995."},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr47-0954411911424210","first-page":"761","volume":"58","author":"Clarys J. P.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hum. Biol."},{"key":"bibr48-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0710622"},{"key":"bibr49-0954411911424210","first-page":"271","volume":"29","author":"Hoerler E.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Jugend und Sport"},{"key":"bibr50-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419308730011"},{"key":"bibr51-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1970.29.3.279"},{"key":"bibr52-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.01.005"},{"key":"bibr53-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(96)80003-0"},{"key":"bibr54-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(83)90125-2"},{"key":"bibr55-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1026043"},{"key":"bibr56-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00192-X"},{"key":"bibr57-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200011000-00016"},{"key":"bibr58-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08723"},{"key":"bibr59-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00428-1"},{"key":"bibr60-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00216-1"},{"key":"bibr61-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.2.412"},{"key":"bibr62-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00142.2002"},{"key":"bibr63-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200209000-00021"},{"key":"bibr64-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.3.1307"},{"key":"bibr65-0954411911424210","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Symposium of the IEEE-EMBS Benelux Chapter","author":"Nikooyan A. A."},{"key":"bibr66-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.09.028"},{"key":"bibr67-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/S1052623496300507"},{"key":"bibr68-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.11.032"},{"key":"bibr69-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.06.015"},{"key":"bibr70-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ics.2005.03.076"},{"key":"bibr71-0954411911424210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHR.2008.4755928"},{"key":"bibr72-0954411911424210","first-page":"1923","volume-title":"Proceedings of ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference","volume":"5","author":"Tamaddoni S. H."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0954411911424210","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0954411911424210","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0954411911424210","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:19:27Z","timestamp":1777673967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0954411911424210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,7]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0954411911424210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0954411911424210","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4119","2041-3033"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4119","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3033","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,7]]}}}