{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:33:01Z","timestamp":1777926781375,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The disuse-related bone loss that results from immobilisation following injury shares characteristics with osteoporosis in post-menopausal women and the aged, with decreases in bone mineral density leading to weakening of the bone and increased risk of fracture. The aim of this study was to use the finite element method to: (i) calculate the mechanical response of the tibia under mechanical load and (ii) estimate of the risk of fracture; comparing between two groups, an able-bodied group and spinal cord injury patients group suffering from varying degrees of bone loss. The tibiae of eight male subjects with chronic spinal cord injury and those of four able-bodied age-matched controls were scanned using multi-slice peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Images were used to develop full three-dimensional models of the tibiae in Mimics (Materialise) and exported into Abaqus (Simulia) for calculation of stress distribution and fracture risk in response to specified loading conditions \u2013 compression, bending and torsion. The percentage of elements that exceeded a calculated value of the ultimate stress provided an estimate of the risk of fracture for each subject, which differed between spinal cord injury subjects and their controls. The differences in bone mineral density distribution along the tibia in different subjects resulted in different regions of the bone being at high risk of fracture under set loading conditions, illustrating the benefit of creating individual material distribution models. A predictive tool can be developed based on these models, to enable clinicians to estimate the amount of loading that can be safely allowed onto the skeletal frame of individual patients who suffer from extensive musculoskeletal degeneration (including spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis and the ageing population). The ultimate aim is to reduce fracture occurrence in these vulnerable groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411914522438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,7]],"date-time":"2014-02-07T01:02:23Z","timestamp":1391734943000},"page":"165-174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Prediction of risk of fracture in the tibia due to altered bone mineral density distribution resulting from disuse: A finite element study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Magnus K.","family":"Gislason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, University of Reykjavik, Reykjavik, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Coupaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"Scottish Centre for Innovation in Spinal Cord Injury, Queen Elizabeth National Spinal Injuries Unit, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Sasagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Tanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariel","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Centre for Innovation in Spinal Cord Injury, Queen Elizabeth National Spinal Injuries Unit, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Centre for Innovation in Spinal Cord Injury, Queen Elizabeth National Spinal Injuries Unit, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. 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