{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:06:07Z","timestamp":1783436767545,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]],"date-time":"2016-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents the design of a web-based knowledge management system as a training and research tool for the exploration of key relationships between Western and Traditional Chinese Medicine, in order to facilitate relational medical diagnosis integrating these mainstream healing modalities. The main goal of this system is to facilitate decision-making processes, while developing skills and creating new medical knowledge. Traditional Chinese Medicine can be considered as an ancient relational knowledge-based approach, focusing on balancing interrelated human functions to reach a healthy state. Western Medicine focuses on specialties and body systems and has achieved advanced methods to evaluate the impact of a health disorder on the body functions. Identifying key relationships between Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine opens new approaches for health care practices and can increase the understanding of human medical conditions. Our knowledge management system was designed from initial datasets of symptoms, known diagnosis and treatments, collected from both medicines. The datasets were subjected to process-oriented analysis, hierarchical knowledge representation and relational database interconnection. Web technology was implemented to develop a user-friendly interface, for easy navigation, training and research. Our system was prototyped with a case study on chronic prostatitis. This trial presented the system\u2019s capability for users to learn the correlation approach, connecting knowledge in Western and Traditional Chinese Medicine by querying the database, mapping validated medical information, accessing complementary information from official sites, and creating new knowledge as part of the learning process. By addressing the challenging tasks of data acquisition and modeling, organization, storage and transfer, the proposed web-based knowledge management system is presented as a tool for users in medical training and research to explore, learn and update relational information for the practice of integrated medical diagnosis. This proposal in education has the potential to enable further creation of medical knowledge from both Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for improved care providing. The presented system positively improves the information visualization, learning process and knowledge sharing, for training and development of new skills for diagnosis and treatment, and a better understanding of medical diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411916673398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]],"date-time":"2016-10-27T20:19:19Z","timestamp":1477599559000},"page":"1061-1073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A web-based knowledge management system integrating Western and Traditional Chinese Medicine for relational medical diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"230","author":[{"given":"Maria C","family":"Herrera-Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial & Management Systems Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana K","family":"Lai-Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial & Management Systems Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Les A","family":"Piegl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampa Bay Acupuncture Clinic, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-3-200302040-00011"},{"key":"bibr2-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.9.1190"},{"key":"bibr3-0954411916673398","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2008 Euro American conference on telematics and information systems (EATIS)","author":"Ferrizzi AC"},{"key":"bibr4-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-9-40"},{"key":"bibr5-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2008.07.013"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr6-0954411916673398","first-page":"33","volume":"5","author":"Wei C","year":"1089","journal-title":"IEEE T Inf Technol B"},{"key":"bibr7-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Lifshits G, Lifshits Y. System and Method for Automated Diagnostics and Medical Treatment Development for Oriental Medicine. Patent 20100023351 A1, USA, 2010."},{"key":"bibr8-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Foundational Model of Anatomy. Structural Informatics Group, University of Washington, \u00a91996\u20132003, http:\/\/si.washington.edu\/projects\/fma (accessed April 2010)."},{"key":"bibr9-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2004.832541"},{"key":"bibr10-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00085-9"},{"key":"bibr11-0954411916673398","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE 4th international workshop on soft computing applications","author":"Floares A"},{"key":"bibr12-0954411916673398","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Iberian conference on information systems and technologies (CISTI)","author":"Goncalves J"},{"key":"bibr13-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-8-6"},{"key":"bibr14-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2007.09.008"},{"key":"bibr15-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2010.01.002"},{"key":"bibr16-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2006.07.005"},{"key":"bibr17-0954411916673398","volume-title":"Proceedings of the third international symposium on intelligent information technology application","author":"ZhuGe J"},{"key":"bibr18-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2003.10.004"},{"key":"bibr19-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2007.10.004"},{"key":"bibr20-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-9-44"},{"key":"bibr21-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-009-9159-y"},{"key":"bibr22-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-8-54"},{"key":"bibr23-0954411916673398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.08.045"},{"key":"bibr24-0954411916673398","unstructured":"London Medical Databases, UK, http:\/\/www.lmdatabases.com (accessed April 2010)."},{"key":"bibr25-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Foundational Model Explorer. Structural Informatics Group, University of Washington, \u00a91996\u20132003, http:\/\/sig.biostr.washington.edu\/projects\/fm\/FME\/ (accessed April 2010)."},{"key":"bibr26-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Acupuncture.com.au. Classification of TCM formulations based on their actions, http:\/\/www.acupuncture.com.au\/education\/herbs\/herbs.html"},{"key":"bibr27-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Dictionary of Chinese Herbs. Disease-specific TCM formulations, toxicity and side effects, http:\/\/alternativehealing.org\/chinese_herbs_dictionary.htm"},{"key":"bibr28-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Plants for a future. TCM herbs with their potential side effects, physical characteristics and medicinal usages substantiated by relevant scientific citations, http:\/\/www.pfaf.org"},{"key":"bibr29-0954411916673398","unstructured":"The international classification of diseases, 9th revision, clinical modification (ICD-9-CM) (issued for use beginning October 1, 2008 for federal fiscal year 2009 (FY09)). 6th ed., http:\/\/icd9cm.chrisendres.com\/ (accessed April 2010)."},{"key":"bibr30-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Drug Information Portal\u2014National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, http:\/\/druginfo.nlm.nih.gov\/drugportal\/drugportal.jsp (accessed April 2010)."},{"key":"bibr31-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Symptom Checker\u2014Mayo Clinic, US, http:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/symptom-checker\/select-symptom\/itt-20009075 (accessed April 2010)."},{"key":"bibr32-0954411916673398","unstructured":"MedlinePlus\u2014National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/medlineplus\/ (accessed April 2010)."},{"key":"bibr33-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Complementary\/Integrative Medicine Education Resources\u2014MD Anderson Center, The University of Texas, https:\/\/www.mdanderson.org\/ (accessed August 2011)."},{"key":"bibr34-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Clinical Trials in Complementary and Alternative Medicine\u2014National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). National Institutes of Health, http:\/\/nccam.nih.gov\/research\/clinicaltrials\/ (accessed August 2011)."},{"key":"bibr35-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Research in Complementary and Integrative Medical Therapies\u2014Harvard Medical School, Osher Research Center, http:\/\/www.osher.hms.harvard.edu\/ (accessed August 2011)."},{"key":"bibr36-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Research in Acupuncture\u2014Centre for Complementary Medicine, university of Western Sydney, http:\/\/nicm.edu.au\/ (accessed August 2011)."},{"key":"bibr37-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Canadian Interdisciplinary Network for Complementary & Alternative Medicine Research\u2014IN-CAM, http:\/\/www.incamresearch.ca\/index.php?id=26,27,0,0,1,0 (accessed August 2011)."},{"key":"bibr38-0954411916673398","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services\u2014National Kidney & Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC), http:\/\/kidney.niddk.nih.gov\/index.aspx (accessed August 2011)."},{"key":"bibr39-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Clinical Trials\u2014U.S. National Institutes of Health, http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ (accessed August 2011)."},{"key":"bibr40-0954411916673398","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute\u2014U.S. National Institutes of Health, http:\/\/www.nia.nih.gov\/healthinformation\/publications\/prostate.htm (accessed September 2011)."},{"key":"bibr41-0954411916673398","unstructured":"The New England Journal of Medicine, http:\/\/www.nejm.org (accessed April 2010)."},{"key":"bibr42-0954411916673398","unstructured":"The Journal of American Medical Association, http:\/\/jama.ama-assn.org"},{"key":"bibr43-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Annals of Internal Medicine, http:\/\/www.annals.org\/"},{"key":"bibr44-0954411916673398","unstructured":"The Medical Journal of Australia, http:\/\/www.mja.com.au"},{"key":"bibr45-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Canadian Medical Association Journal, http:\/\/www.cmaj.ca\/"},{"key":"bibr46-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Health Information Resource Database. National Health Information Center (NHIC), https:\/\/health.gov\/nhic\/"},{"key":"bibr47-0954411916673398","unstructured":"PubMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institute of Health, http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed"},{"key":"bibr48-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Digitally Reproduced Embryonic Morphology (DREM) project. Computer Imaging Laboratory\u2014LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans. Washington, DC: Human Developmental Anatomy Center\u2014National Museum of Health and Medicine, http:\/\/virtualhumanembryo.lsuhsc.edu\/ (accessed April 2010)."},{"key":"bibr49-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Visible Human Project. United States National Library of Medicine\u2014National Institutes of Health, http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/research\/visible\/visible_human.html (accessed April 2010)."},{"key":"bibr50-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Hardin MD medical and disease pictures, http:\/\/www.lib.uiowa.edu\/hardin\/md (accessed April 2010)."},{"key":"bibr51-0954411916673398","unstructured":"Public Health and Image Library\u2014Center for Disease Control and Prevention, US, http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ (accessed April 2010)."},{"key":"bibr52-0954411916673398","unstructured":"The Whole Brain Atlas\u2014Harvard Medical School, US, http:\/\/www.med.harvard.edu\/AANLIB\/home.html"},{"key":"bibr53-0954411916673398","volume-title":"Campbell-Walsh urology review manual","author":"Wein AJ","year":"2007","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr54-0954411916673398","volume-title":"Diagnosis in Chinese medicine: a comprehensive guide","author":"Maciocia G","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr55-0954411916673398","volume-title":"A compendium of TCM patterns & treatments","author":"Flaws B","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr56-0954411916673398","volume-title":"The treatment of modern western diseases with Chinese medicine","author":"Flaws B","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0954411916673398","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0954411916673398","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0954411916673398","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:23:07Z","timestamp":1777674187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0954411916673398"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0954411916673398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0954411916673398","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4119","2041-3033"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4119","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3033","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]]}}}