{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:51:08Z","timestamp":1784649068170,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mechanical coupling at the interface between lower limb residua and prosthetic sockets plays an important role in assessing socket fitting and tissue health. However, most research lab\u2013based lower limb prosthetic simulators to-date have implemented a rigid socket coupling. This study describes the fabrication and implementation of a lower limb residuum\/socket interface simulator, designed to reproduce the forces and moments present during the key loading phases of amputee walking. An artificial residuum made with model bones encased in silicone was used, mimicking the compliant mechanical loading of a real residuum\/socket interface. A 6-degree-of-freedom load cell measured the overall kinetics, having previously been incorporated into an amputee\u2019s prosthesis to collect reference data. The developed simulator was compared to a setup where a rigid pylon replaced the artificial residuum. A maximum uniaxial load of 850\u2009N was applied, comparable to the peak vertical ground reaction force component during amputee walking. Load cell outputs from both pylon and residuum setups were compared. During weight acceptance, when including the artificial residuum, compression decreased by 10%, while during push off, sagittal bending and anterior\u2013posterior shear showed a 25% increase and 34% decrease, respectively. Such notable difference by including a compliant residuum further highlighted the need for such an interface simulator. Subsequently, the simulator was adjusted to produce key load cell outputs briefly aligning with those from amputee walking. Force sensing resistors were deployed at load bearing anatomic locations on the residuum\/socket interface to measure pressures and were compared to those cited in the literature for similar locations. The development of such a novel simulator provides an objective adjunct, using commonly available mechanical test machines. It could potentially be used to provide further insight into socket design, fit and the complex load transfer mechanics at the residuum\/socket interface, as well as to evaluate the structural performance of prostheses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411917690764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T05:45:53Z","timestamp":1486359953000},"page":"235-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Development of a residuum\/socket interface simulator for lower limb prosthetics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"Michael Paul","family":"McGrath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianliang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghua","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Laszczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liudi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endolite Technology Centre, Chas. A. Blatchford & Sons Ltd, Basingstoke, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Zahedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endolite Technology Centre, Chas. A. Blatchford & Sons Ltd, Basingstoke, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0954411917690764","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.09.003"},{"key":"bibr2-0954411917690764","first-page":"19","volume":"34","author":"Sanders JE","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"bibr3-0954411917690764","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-28804-X"},{"key":"bibr4-0954411917690764","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2012.712197"},{"key":"bibr5-0954411917690764","first-page":"965","volume-title":"Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deficiencies: Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles","author":"Zahedi S.","year":"2004","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr6-0954411917690764","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2014.10.002"},{"key":"bibr7-0954411917690764","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4533(98)00013-7"},{"key":"bibr8-0954411917690764","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649809164484"},{"key":"bibr9-0954411917690764","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2011.12.0236"},{"key":"bibr10-0954411917690764","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2010.09.0189"},{"key":"bibr11-0954411917690764","unstructured":"ISO 10328:2006. 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