{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:34:41Z","timestamp":1777926881471,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]],"date-time":"2018-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This article presents a method to fabricate, measure and control a physical simulation of the human defecatory system to investigate individual and combined effects of anorectal angle and sphincter pressure on continence. To illustrate the capabilities and clinical relevance of the work, the influence of a passive-assistive artificial anal sphincter (FENIX\n                    <jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) is evaluated. A model rectum and associated soft tissues, based on geometry from an anonymised computed tomography dataset, was fabricated from silicone and showed behavioural realism to the biological system and ex\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    tissue. Simulated stool matter with similar rheological properties to human faeces was developed. Instrumentation and control hardware were used to regulate injection of simulated stool into the system, automate balloon catheter movement through the anal canal, define the anorectal angle and monitor stool flow rate, intra-rectal pressure, anal canal pressure and puborectalis force. Studies were conducted to examine the response of anorectal angles at 80\u00b0, 90\u00b0 and 100\u00b0 with simulated stool. Tests were then repeated with the inclusion of a FENIX device. Stool leakage was reduced as the anorectal angle became more acute. Conversely, intra-rectal pressure increased. Overall inclusion of the FENIX reduced faecal leakage, while combined effects of the FENIX and an acute anorectal angle showed the greatest resistance to faecal leakage. These data demonstrate that the anorectal angle and sphincter pressure are fundamental in maintaining continence. Furthermore, it demonstrates that use of the FENIX can increase resistance to faecal leakage and reduce anorectal angles required to maintain continence. Physical simulation of the defecatory system is an insightful tool to better understand, in a quantitative manner, the effects of the anorectal angle and sphincter pressure on continence. This work is valuable in helping improve our understanding of the physical behaviour of the continence mechanism and facilitating improved technologies to treat severe faecal incontinence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411918756453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]],"date-time":"2018-02-08T08:23:20Z","timestamp":1518078200000},"page":"114-126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A biomechanical model of the human defecatory system to investigate mechanisms of continence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"William E","family":"Stokes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David G","family":"Jayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St James\u2019s University Hospital, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Alazmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2867-0420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter R","family":"Culmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-13-87"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.218.3.r01mr26621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0593-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800710112"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"681","article-title":"Royal society of medicine, section of proctology; meeting 27 November 1974. 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