{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:05:14Z","timestamp":1790381114645,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Blusson Integrated Cures Partnership"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the posterior ligaments and facet joints on the shear stiffness of lower cervical functional spinal units in anterior, posterior, and lateral shear. Five functional spinal units were loaded in anterior, posterior, and right lateral shear up to 100\u2009N using a custom-designed apparatus in a materials testing machine. Specimens were tested in three conditions: intact, with the posterior ligaments severed, and with the facet joints removed. There was a significant decrease in anterior stiffness in the 20\u2013100\u2009N load range from 186 (range: 98\u2013327)\u2009N\/mm in the intact condition to 105 (range: 78\u2013142)\u2009N\/mm in the disc-only condition (p\u2009=\u20090.03). Posterior stiffness between these condition decreased significantly from 134 (range: 92\u2013182)\u2009N\/mm to 119 (range: 83\u2013181)\u2009N\/mm (p\u2009=\u20090.03). There was no significant effect of posterior ligament removal on shear stiffness. No significant differences were found in the lateral direction or in the 0\u201320\u2009N range for any direction. Under a 100-N shear load, the facet joints played a significant role in the stiffness of the cervical spine in the anterior\u2013posterior direction, but not in the lateral direction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411919889194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T08:18:31Z","timestamp":1574324311000},"page":"141-147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Shear stiffness in the lower cervical spine: Effect of sequential posterior element injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"234","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1891-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer J","family":"Dowling-Medley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remco J","family":"Doodkorte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela D","family":"Melnyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A","family":"Cripton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, The University of British 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