{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:34:18Z","timestamp":1777926858511,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IFA 2012 LSBM 48"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFA 2012 LSBM 48"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Fabrication of hollow channels with user-defined dimensions and patterns inside viscoelastic, gel-type materials is required for several applications, especially in biomedical engineering domain. These include objectives of obtaining vascularized tissues and enclosed or subsurface microfluidic devices. However, presently there is no suitable manufacturing technology that can create such channels and networks in a gel structure. The advent of three-dimensional bioprinting has opened new possibilities for fabricating structures with complex geometries. However, application of this technique to fabricate internal hollow channels in viscoelastic material has not been yet explored to a great extent. In this article, we present the theoretical modeling\/background of a proposed manufacturing paradigm through which hollow channels can be conveniently fabricated inside a gel structure. We propose that a tip connected to a robotic arm can be moved in X-, Y-, and Z-axis as per the desired design. The tip can be moved by a magnet or mechanical force. If the tip is further trailed with porous tube and moved inside the viscoelastic material, corresponding internal channels can be fabricated. To achieve this, however, force modeling to understand the forces that will be required to move the tip inside viscoelastic material should be known and understood. Therefore, in our first attempt, we developed the computational force modeling of the tip movement inside gels with different viscoelastic properties to create the channels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411919891654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T10:16:10Z","timestamp":1574849770000},"page":"223-231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Force modeling to develop a novel method for fabrication of hollow channels inside a gel structure"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"234","author":[{"given":"Ranjit","family":"Barua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Himanshu","family":"Giria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudipto","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7909-3761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Roy Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, India"},{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7404-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pallab","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0954411919891654","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2018.0027"},{"key":"bibr2-0954411919891654","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.01.035"},{"key":"bibr3-0954411919891654","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002141"},{"key":"bibr4-0954411919891654","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202837s"},{"key":"bibr5-0954411919891654","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201703575"},{"key":"bibr6-0954411919891654","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29252\/ibj.23.1.9"},{"key":"bibr7-0954411919891654","unstructured":"Zhang Y. 3D bioprinting of vasculature network for tissue engineering. 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