{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T06:16:35Z","timestamp":1789280195645,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]],"date-time":"2021-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1788303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1788303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016335","name":"jaguar land rover","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JLR6657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JLR6657"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016335","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["II-LA-0715-20003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["II-LA-0715-20003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Transferring sick premature infants between hospitals increases the risk of severe brain injury, potentially linked to the excessive exposure to noise, vibration and driving-related accelerations. One method of reducing these levels may be to travel along smoother and quieter roads at an optimal speed, however this requires mass data on the effect of roads on the environment within ambulances. An app for the Android operating system has been developed for the purpose of recording vibration, noise levels, location and speed data during ambulance journeys. Smartphone accelerometers were calibrated using sinusoidal excitation and the microphones using calibrated pink noise. Four smartphones were provided to the local neonatal transport team and mounted on their neonatal transport systems to collect data. Repeatability of app recordings was assessed by comparing 37 journeys, made during the study period, along an 8.5\u2009km single carriageway. The smartphones were found to have an accelerometer accurate to 5% up to 55\u2009Hz and microphone accurate to 0.8\u2009dB up to 80\u2009dB. Use of the app was readily adopted by the neonatal transport team, recording more than 97,000\u2009km of journeys in 1\u2009year. To enable comparison between journeys, the 8.5\u2009km route was split into 10\u2009m segments. Interquartile ranges for vehicle speed, vertical acceleration and maximum noise level were consistent across all segments (within 0.99\u2009m . s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 0.13\u2009m \u00b7 s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 1.4\u2009dB, respectively). Vertical accelerations registered were representative of the road surface. Noise levels correlated with vehicle speed. Android smartphones are a viable method of accurate mass data collection for this application. We now propose to utilise this approach to reduce potential harmful exposure, from vibration and noise, by routing ambulances along the most comfortable roads.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411920985994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T20:02:04Z","timestamp":1610568124000},"page":"428-436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Smartphone monitoring of in-ambulance vibration and noise"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"235","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4652-8199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Partridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorelei","family":"Gherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Light","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Leslie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CenTre Neonatal Transport, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don","family":"Sharkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Child Health, School of Medicine, University Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donal","family":"McNally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Crowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0954411920985994","volume-title":"Presented at the UK Neonatal Transport Group Meeting","author":"Leslie A"},{"key":"bibr2-0954411920985994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5678"},{"key":"bibr3-0954411920985994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001937"},{"key":"bibr4-0954411920985994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2011.76"},{"key":"bibr5-0954411920985994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1104741"},{"key":"bibr6-0954411920985994","volume-title":"A study to investigate whether speed and road conditions have an effect on the physiological stability of sick and preterm babies undergoing inter-hospital transfer by ambulance","author":"Hall V.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr7-0954411920985994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411916680235"},{"key":"bibr8-0954411920985994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.172"},{"key":"bibr9-0954411920985994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amj.2010.11.001"},{"key":"bibr10-0954411920985994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.88.6.F513"},{"key":"bibr11-0954411920985994","unstructured":"BS EN 13976-2:2018. 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