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The tissue temperatures were measured for five cold pack temperatures of \u22128\u00b0C, \u22124\u00b0C, 0\u00b0C, 4\u00b0C, and 8\u00b0C in addition to six different time intervals of cold application and ice removal. The depth of cold penetration and duration of local tissue cooling were investigated at 10 points during 30\u2009min of application and 7\u2009h of post-application. The model was created in CATIA, using a mid-axial cut of the human thigh MRI without pathology. After validation by the available clinical data, this research applied the finite-volume discretization method to solve bioheat transfer equations. A 16\u00b0C decrease in the cold pack temperature reduced the tissue temperatures located 1 and 2\u2009cm below the fat by almost 3.34\u00b0C and 1.4\u00b0C, respectively, after 30\u2009min of cold application. It took the tissues 10\u201315\u2009min to start cooling down, and the temperature reached its plateau after 100\u2009min. Thirty minutes of cold application declined the superficial tissue and deep tissue temperatures near the bone by 22.59\u00b0C and 0.48\u00b0C, respectively. Intense cryotherapy led to an insignificant change in the deep tissue temperature at 2\u2009cm and deeper below the fat tissue. After ice removal, tissues continued cooling down for about 8\u2009min until 40\u2009min, depending on the tissue depth. This study proposed a 100-min cold therapy with 10\u2009min of ice removal to optimize tissue cooling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119211035855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T03:23:57Z","timestamp":1627529037000},"page":"1413-1420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A three-dimensional model of transient bioheat transfer in the lower extremity during cryotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"235","author":[{"given":"Parvaneh","family":"Zare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ghoraishian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, 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