{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T03:19:25Z","timestamp":1793416765591,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearable inertial sensor-based motion analysis systems are promising alternatives to standard camera-based motion capture systems for the measurement of gait parameters and joint kinematics. These wearable sensors, unlike camera-based gold standard systems, find usefulness in outdoor natural environment along with confined indoor laboratory-based environment due to miniature size and wireless data transmission. This study reports validation of our developed (i-Sens) wearable motion analysis system against standard motion capture system. Gait analysis was performed at self-selected speed on non-disabled volunteers in indoor ( n\u2009=\u200915) and outdoor ( n\u2009=\u20098) environments. Two i-Sens units were placed at the level of knee and hip along with passive markers (for indoor study only) for simultaneous 3D motion capture using a motion capture system. Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was computed for spatiotemporal parameters from the i-Sens system versus the motion capture system as a true reference. Mean and standard deviation of kinematic data for a gait cycle were plotted for both systems against normative data. Joint kinematics data were analyzed to compute the root mean squared error (RMSE) and Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient. Kinematic plots indicate a high degree of accuracy of the i-Sens system with the reference system. Excellent positive correlation was observed between the two systems in terms of hip and knee joint angles (Indoor: hip 3.98\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.03\u00b0, knee 6.48\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.91\u00b0, Outdoor: hip 3.94\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.78\u00b0, knee 5.82\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.99\u00b0) with low RMSE. Reliability characteristics (defined using standard statistical thresholds of MAPE) of stride length, cadence, walking speed in both outdoor and indoor environment were well within the \u201cGood\u201d category. The i-Sens system has emerged as a potentially cost-effective, valid, accurate, and reliable alternative to expensive, standard motion capture systems for gait analysis. Further clinical trials using the i-Sens system are warranted on participants across different age groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119211072971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T05:12:08Z","timestamp":1641618728000},"page":"686-696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Validation of wearable inertial sensor-based gait analysis system for measurement of spatiotemporal parameters and lower extremity joint kinematics in sagittal plane"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"236","author":[{"given":"Gunjan","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, TTK Center for Rehabilitation Research and Device Development (R2D2), IIT Madras, Chennai, India"},{"name":"Biodesign Medical Technology, Synersense Private Limited, Ahmedabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajani","family":"Mullerpatan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MGM School of Physiotherapy, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bela","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MGM School of Physiotherapy, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Triveni","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MGM School of Physiotherapy, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajdeep","family":"Ojha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Analysis and Rehab Research Laboratories, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9079-3101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javeed","family":"Shaikh-Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, TTK Center for Rehabilitation Research and Device Development (R2D2), IIT Madras, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3456-1220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S","family":"Sujatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, TTK Center for Rehabilitation Research and Device Development (R2D2), IIT Madras, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09544119211072971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-49312-1_8"},{"key":"bibr2-09544119211072971","volume-title":"Human walking","author":"Inman VT","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr3-09544119211072971","unstructured":"Gavrila D, Davis L. 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