{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:51:30Z","timestamp":1789476690646,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Breast cancer is an extremely aggressive cancer in women. Its abnormalities can be observed in the form of masses, calcification and lumps. In order to reduce the mortality rate of women its detection is needed at an early stage. The present paper proposes a novel bi-modal extended Huber loss function based refined mask regional convolutional neural network for automatic multi-instance detection and localization of breast cancer. To refine and increase the efficacy of the proposed method three changes are casted. First, a pre-processing step is performed for mammogram and ultrasound breast images. Second, the features of the region proposal network are separately mapped for accurate region of interest. Third, to reduce overfitting and fast convergence, an extended Huber loss function is used at the place of Smooth\n                    <jats:sub>L1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ( x) in boundary loss. To extend the functionality of Huber loss, the delta parameter is automated by the aid of median absolute deviation with grid search algorithm. It provides the best optimum value of delta instead of user-based value. The proposed method is compared with pre-existing methods in terms of accuracy, true positive rate, true negative rate, precision, F-score, balanced classification rate, Youden\u2019s index, Jaccard Index and dice coefficient on CBIS-DDSM and ultrasound database. The experimental result shows that the proposed method is a better suited approach for multi-instance detection, localization and classification of breast cancer. It can be used as a diagnostic medium that helps in clinical purposes and leads to a precise diagnosis of breast cancer abnormalities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119221095416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T01:44:41Z","timestamp":1651455881000},"page":"1036-1053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A novel bi-modal extended Huber loss function based refined mask RCNN approach for automatic multi instance detection and localization of breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"236","author":[{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, 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