{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:34:55Z","timestamp":1777926895663,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional curvature of spine. Children with AIS and low bone quality have higher chance to get curve progression leading to bigger spinal curvature. In addition, bone quality affects acoustic impedance of bone, thus influencing the reflection coefficient of ultrasound signal from the soft tissue\u2013bone interface. This study aimed to estimate the bone quality of AIS patients based on the reflection coefficients to determine the correlation of the bone quality with curve severity. A simple bone model was used to develop an equation to calculate the reflection coefficient value. Experiments were conducted on five different phantoms. Acrylic was used to design a vertebral shape to study the effect of surface roughness and inclination, including: smooth flat surface (SFS), smooth curved surface (SCS), rough curved surface (RCS), and the rough curved inclined surface (RCIS). A clinical study with 37 AIS patients were recruited. The estimated reflection coefficient values of plate phantoms agreed well with the predicted values and the maximum error was 6.7%. The reflection coefficients measured from the acrylic-water interface for the SFS, SCS, RCS, RCIS (3\u00b0 and 5\u00b0) were 0.37, 0.33, 0.28, (0.23 and 0.12), respectively. The surface roughness and inclination increased the reflection loss. From the clinical data, the average reflection coefficients for children with AIS were 0.11 and 0.07 for the mild curve group and the moderate curve group, respectively. A moderate linear correlation was found between the reflection coefficients and curve severity ([Formula: see text]\u2009=\u20090.3). Patients with lower bone quality have observed to have larger spinal curvature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119221114200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T09:05:00Z","timestamp":1658826300000},"page":"1403-1413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigation of ultrasonic soft tissue-bone reflection coefficients correlating with curve severity in children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"236","author":[{"given":"Thanh-Tu","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence 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