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The purpose was to compare the biomechanical responses and risk of herniation of young healthy, suboptimal healthy, and degenerative intervertebral discs. A cervical spine model was established and validated using the finite element method. Suboptimal healthy, mildly, moderately, and severely degenerative disc models were developed. Disc height deformation, range of motion, intradiscal pressure, and von Mises stress in annulus fibrosus were analyzed by applying a moment of 4\u2009Nm in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation with 100\u2009N compressive loads. Disc height deformation in young healthy, suboptimal healthy, mildly, moderately, and severely degenerative discs was 40%, 37%, 21%, 12%, and 8%, respectively. The decreasing order of the range of motion was young healthy spine\u2009&gt;\u2009suboptimal healthy spine\u2009&gt;\u2009mildly degenerative spine\u2009&gt;\u2009moderately degenerative spine\u2009&gt;\u2009severely degenerative spine. The mean stress of annulus ground substance in the suboptimal healthy disc was higher than in the young healthy disc. The mean stress of inter-lamellar matrix and annulus ground substance in moderately and severely degenerative discs was higher than in other discs. Age-related structural changes and degenerative changes increased the stiffness and reduced the elastic deformation of intervertebral discs. Decreased range of motion due to the effects of aging or degeneration on the intervertebral disc, may cause compensation of adjacent segments and lead to progressive degeneration of multiple segments. The effect of aging on the intervertebral disc increased the risk of annulus fibrosus damage from the biomechanical point of view. Moderately and severely degenerative discs may have a higher risk of herniation due to the higher risk of damage and layers separation of annulus fibrosus caused by increased stress in the annulus ground substance and inter-lamellar matrix.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119221122007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T04:36:45Z","timestamp":1662784605000},"page":"1541-1551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Biomechanical effect of age-related structural changes on cervical intervertebral disc: A finite element study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"236","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9022-9930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui-Zi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang-Dong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Lei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Jie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Candito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9008-9875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Ageing and Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2003558"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219519421500536"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"598","article-title":"Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)","author":"De Couck M","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Couck M. 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