{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:19:20Z","timestamp":1792019960793,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","award":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/SKK0\/USM\/03\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/SKK0\/USM\/03\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the use of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) as a base monomer to prepare the newly developed flowable composite (FC) using nanohybrid silica derived from rice husk in comparison to bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) on the degree of conversion and physicomechanical properties. The different loadings of base monomer to diluent monomer were used at the ratio of 40:60, 50:50, and 60:40. The bonding analysis confirmed the presence of nanohybrid silica in the newly developed FC. Independent t-test revealed a statistically significant increase in the degree of conversion, depth of cure and Vickers hardness of the UDMA-based FC, while surface roughness showed comparable results between the two base monomers. In conclusion, UDMA-based FC demonstrated superior performance with 60%\u201365% conversions, a significantly higher depth of cure exceeding 1\u2009mm which complies with the Internal Standard of Organization 4049 (ISO 4049), and a substantial increase in Vickers hardness numbers compared to Bis-GMA-based FC, making UDMA a suitable alternative to Bis-GMA as a base monomer in the formulation of this newly developed FC derived from rice husk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119231208222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T06:51:23Z","timestamp":1701154283000},"page":"1339-1347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Degree of conversion and physicomechanical properties of newly developed flowable composite derived from rice husk using urethane dimethacrylate monomer"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"237","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5848-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nor Ain Fatihah","family":"Azlisham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biomaterials, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanti","family":"Johari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dasmawati","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biomaterials, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Firdaus","family":"Yhaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biomaterials, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuliani","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09544119231208222","first-page":"215","volume":"11","author":"Herv\u00e1s-Garc\u00eda A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"key":"bibr2-09544119231208222","first-page":"ZE18","volume":"9","author":"Baroudi K","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"bibr3-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5712(96)00063-2"},{"key":"bibr4-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2001.00693.x"},{"key":"bibr5-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2016.07.009"},{"key":"bibr6-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5b00401"},{"key":"bibr7-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2014.08.363"},{"key":"bibr8-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2014.08.069"},{"key":"bibr9-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2013.08.073"},{"key":"bibr10-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2012.11.052"},{"key":"bibr11-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2019.04.014"},{"key":"bibr12-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_298_20"},{"key":"bibr13-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.10.024"},{"key":"bibr14-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14040184"},{"key":"bibr15-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma021675k"},{"key":"bibr16-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402012000500007"},{"key":"bibr17-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(98)00009-8"},{"key":"bibr18-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072644"},{"key":"bibr19-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.24.403"},{"key":"bibr20-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.04.009"},{"key":"bibr21-09544119231208222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2005.10.009"},{"key":"bibr22-09544119231208222","author":"Rahman I","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hybrid spherical silica nanoparticles"},{"key":"bibr23-09544119231208222","unstructured":"ISO 4049:2000. 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