{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:35:50Z","timestamp":1777926950521,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the outcome of a data review of patients treated with the IOS external fixation system at the Royal Stoke University Hospital: a fixation designed to meet four requirements for external fixation proposed in this paper. Demographic data and outcome were collected and assessed. From 69 initial patients, 64 patients (55 males and 9 females) had an average age of 35.9\u2009years. The mean time to union was 127\u2009days. There were no incidences of malunion, or refracture post fixation removal attributable to the treatment method. In addition, in this cohort, there was no incidence of pin tract infection resulting in osteomyelitis. Of all the factors assessed the only factor to have any significant effect on healing was smoking: an average delay of 31\u2009days. An examination of RUST (radiographic union score tibia) and modified RUST scores illustrated a potential false negative of up to 80%. Hence, this study cannot support the use of either scoring system to diagnose fracture healing. IOS external fixation was shown to be an effective method for the treatment of unstable tibial fractures. The reduction at fixation removal was shown to be very good. There was no incidence of osteomyelitis. It is, therefore, suggested that appropriately used external fixation is a viable alternative to intramedullary nailing if designed and surgically applied using four design principles outlined in this paper. Furthermore, it is proposed that external fixation be designed and applied to meet these four principles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119231215998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T06:16:49Z","timestamp":1707113809000},"page":"187-197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tibial fractures treated with mono-lateral fixation: Principles of design and application"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"238","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4753-4459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter Jan","family":"Ogrodnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Research Group, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK"},{"name":"Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter Brian MacFarlane","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Research Group, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK"},{"name":"Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Collingwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Research Group, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09544119231215998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.12.027"},{"key":"bibr2-09544119231215998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.88B5.16875"},{"key":"bibr3-09544119231215998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411913495789"},{"key":"bibr4-09544119231215998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411919835453"},{"key":"bibr5-09544119231215998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BLO.0b013e31802f80a8"},{"key":"bibr6-09544119231215998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(92)90018-Y"},{"key":"bibr7-09544119231215998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.76B3.8175839"},{"key":"bibr8-09544119231215998","volume-title":"IOS surgical technique","author":"Metaphysis LLP","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr9-09544119231215998","unstructured":"Moorcroft CI. 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