{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:49:51Z","timestamp":1791308991058,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The socket of a transtibial prosthesis is a structural part customized to a patient\u2019s amputated residual lower limb. The free-form geometry of the socket can be suitable for additive manufacturing (AM) to save time and cost. However, the mechanical fracture of additively manufactured lower limb prostheses is not yet fully understood. A novel experimental method and numerical approach by finite element method (FEM) to test the strength and fracture behavior of a lower limb prosthetic socket of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), reverse-engineered using computer-aided design (CAD) from the actual amputee\u2019s residual limb and manufactured using fused filament fabrication (FFF) are proposed in the present work. The mechanical behavior, von Mises stress distribution, and the damage status of layered AM sockets of different thicknesses were simulated by FEM using Hashin\u2019s transversely isotropic mechanical damage model, initially developed for composite materials. The experimental work showed that the fracture failure initiated at the corner of the lobe in the 4\u2009mm thickness socket at a failure load of 918.5\u2009N. The FEM results predicted this failure load to be 896.6\u2009N, with only a 2.45% error as compared to the experiment. The failure loads predicted by FEM in the sockets with thicknesses of 3, 5, and 6\u2009mm were 618.1, 1008.6, and 1105.2\u2009N, respectively. The present work provides a dependable method for testing a below-knee prosthetic socket against static failure and arriving at a factor-of-safety (FoS) based socket thickness selection for any amputee.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119231221179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T06:21:58Z","timestamp":1705040518000},"page":"257-268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Numerical simulation and experimental testing for static failure prediction in additively manufactured below-knee prosthetic sockets"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"238","author":[{"given":"Kavuri","family":"Karthik Rajashekar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4437-355X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srinivasa Prakash","family":"Regalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9087-3491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurra","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prakash Narayan","family":"Shrivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1350-4533(95)00002-5"},{"key":"bibr2-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03093640902911820"},{"key":"bibr3-09544119231221179","first-page":"15234","author":"Regalla SP","year":"2020","journal-title":"A process for manufacturing a prosthetic limb socket and the socket thereof"},{"key":"bibr4-09544119231221179","first-page":"17919","author":"Regalla SP","year":"2017","journal-title":"Method and system to generate personalized data for prosthetic manufacturing"},{"key":"bibr5-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.10.093"},{"key":"bibr6-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119211060092"},{"key":"bibr7-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-06580-4"},{"key":"bibr8-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2011.06.014"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr9-09544119231221179","volume":"38","author":"Mak AF","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"bibr10-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2003.12.024"},{"key":"bibr11-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4533(98)00027-7"},{"key":"bibr12-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61915-1"},{"key":"bibr13-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-76517-0_22"},{"key":"bibr14-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-017-1758-z"},{"key":"bibr15-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1067\/1\/012141"},{"key":"bibr16-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03093648709078193"},{"key":"bibr17-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649909071622"},{"key":"bibr18-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03093648809079387"},{"key":"bibr19-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0000000000000294"},{"key":"bibr20-09544119231221179","first-page":"165","volume-title":"ISPO 17th world congress","author":"Benjamin J"},{"key":"bibr21-09544119231221179","first-page":"453","volume-title":"Atlas of limb prosthetics: surgical, prosthetic, and rehabilitation principles","author":"Kapp S","year":"1992","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr22-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3153664"},{"key":"bibr23-09544119231221179","unstructured":"Physical Failure Criteria. ANSYS help manual, 2020."},{"key":"bibr24-09544119231221179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2014.913400"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09544119231221179","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09544119231221179","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09544119231221179","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:28:50Z","timestamp":1777674530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09544119231221179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09544119231221179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09544119231221179","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4119","2041-3033"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4119","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3033","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]}}}