{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:20:53Z","timestamp":1790360453383,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Incontinence and toileting difficulties can often be successfully addressed by treating their underlying causes. However, (complete) cure is not always possible and continence products to prevent or contain unresolved leakage or to facilitate toileting are in widespread use. Many people use them successfully but identifying the product(s) most likely to meet individual needs can be challenging and the recently published Seventh International Consultation on Incontinence includes a chapter which draws on the literature to provide evidence-based recommendations to help clinicians and product users to select appropriate products. This paper is based on the same evidence, but reviewed from the different perspective of those keen to identify unmet needs and develop improved products. For each of the main continence product categories it (i) outlines the design approach and key features of what is currently available; (ii) provides a generic functional design specification; (iii) reviews how well existing products meet the requirements of their main user groups; and (iv) suggests priorities for the attention of product designers. It also flags some core scientific problems which \u2013 if successfully addressed \u2013 would likely yield benefits in multiple incontinence product contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119241233639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T23:52:02Z","timestamp":1710892322000},"page":"688-703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Technology for managing incontinence: What are the research priorities?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"238","author":[{"given":"Mandy","family":"Fader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy L","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna Z","family":"Bliss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6007-9238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian S","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of the Philippines Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rowan","family":"Cockerell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Continence Foundation of Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5575-115X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan M","family":"Cottenden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kottner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Nursing Science, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Ostaszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Aging Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Incontinence","author":"Fader M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fader M, Murphy C, Bliss D, et al. Management using continence products. In: Cardozo L, Rovner E, Wagg A (eds) Incontinence, 7th ed. Ch 19. Bristol: International Continence Society, 2023.","edition":"7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"International Continence Society. The Continence Product Advisor https:\/\/www.continenceproductadvisor.org\/ (2022 accessed 31 August 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000546234.12260.61"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. World Health Organisation International Classification of Diseases (11th Revision) https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en#\/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f326384712 (2019 accessed 31 August 2023)."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.14388","article-title":"Moisture-associated skin damage (MASD): a best practice recommendation from Wund-D.A.ch","volume":"19","author":"Dissemond J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dissemond J, Assenheimer B, Gerber V, et al. Moisture-associated skin damage (MASD): a best practice recommendation from Wund-D.A.ch. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19(6): 815\u2013825.","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16327"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.09.010"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","article-title":"Interventions for preventing and treating incontinence-associated dermatitis in adults","volume":"11","author":"Beeckman D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beeckman D, Van Damme N, Schoonhoven L, et al. Interventions for preventing and treating incontinence-associated dermatitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 11(11): CD011627.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000177"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"A prospective, multicenter study to compare a disposable, high-fluid capacity underpad to non-permeable, disposable, reusable containment products on incontinence-associated dermatitis rates among skilled nursing facility residents","volume":"63","author":"Motta G","year":"2017","unstructured":"Motta G, Milne C. A prospective, multicenter study to compare a disposable, high-fluid capacity underpad to non-permeable, disposable, reusable containment products on incontinence-associated dermatitis rates among skilled nursing facility residents. Ostomy Wound Manage 2017; 63(12): 22\u201328.","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2020.04.152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-003-1077-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4943(92)90025-Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90262-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.43.1.100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.02015.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"192","article-title":"Effects of orally administered activated charcoal on intestinal gas","volume":"75","author":"Hall RG","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hall RG, Thompson H, Strother A. Effects of orally administered activated charcoal on intestinal gas. Am J Gastroenterol 1981; 75(3): 192\u2013196.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.892"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2015.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-018-3369-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02699705"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"226","article-title":"Patient satisfaction with a reusable undergarment for urinary incontinence","volume":"24","author":"Gallo M","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gallo M, Staskin DR. Patient satisfaction with a reusable undergarment for urinary incontinence. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 1997; 24(4): 226\u2013236.","journal-title":"J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40631.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00152192-200401000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6914.1258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2014.976799"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411918781409"},{"issue":"19","key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Selecting urinals for male patients","volume":"102","author":"Vickerman J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vickerman J. Selecting urinals for male patients. Nurs Times 2006; 102(19): 47\u201348.","journal-title":"Nurs Times"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.1999.8.14.6540"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/ijpn.2016.22.11.524"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","unstructured":"European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel and Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance. Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers\/Injuries: Clinical Practice Guideline. The International Guideline. Emily Haesler (Ed.). EPUAP\/NPIAP\/PPPIA 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026921559500900211"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.1996.5.8.485"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"Commode design for frail and disabled people","volume":"11","author":"Nazarko L.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nazarko L. Commode design for frail and disabled people. Prof Nurse 1995; 11(2): 95\u201397.","journal-title":"Prof Nurse"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2013.832413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2012.704656"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta12290"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-017-0189-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","unstructured":"ISO 11948-1: 1996. Urine absorbing aids. Part 1: Whole product testing. International Standards Organisation Geneva."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411918792385"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2001.02235.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Condom catheters versus indwelling urethral catheters in men: a prospective, observational study","volume":"14","author":"Saint S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saint S, Krein SL, Fowler KE, et al. Condom catheters versus indwelling urethral catheters in men: a prospective, observational study. J Hosp Med 2019; 14: E1\u2013E4.","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Penile sheaths: a guide to selection and fitting","volume":"20","author":"Pomfret I.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pomfret I. Penile sheaths: a guide to selection and fitting. J Community Nurs 2006; 20(11): 14.","journal-title":"J Community Nurs"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411918794989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0b013e318198cdbb"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","volume":"20","author":"Fader M","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fader M, Thelwell S, Symon C, et al. Sterile 500ml leg bags for urine drainage: a multi-centre comparative evaluation. UK Medical Devices Agency Report no. A20, 1996.","journal-title":"Sterile 500ml leg bags for urine drainage: a multi-centre comparative evaluation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","author":"Fader M","unstructured":"Fader M, Pettersson L, Clinton L, et al. Non-sterile 500ml - 700ml leg bags for urine drainage: an evaluation. UK Medical Devices Agency Report No. IN2, 1999.","journal-title":"Non-sterile 500ml - 700ml leg bags for urine drainage: an evaluation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000137"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","article-title":"Mechanical devices for urinary incontinence in women","volume":"2014","author":"Lipp A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lipp A, Shaw C, Glavind K. Mechanical devices for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014(12): Cd001756.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.06.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.08.047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","first-page":"235","article-title":"Tissue response to applied loading using different designs of penile compression clamps","volume":"12","author":"Lemmens JM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lemmens JM, Broadbridge J, Macaulay M, et al. Tissue response to applied loading using different designs of penile compression clamps. Med Devices (Auckl) 2019; 12: 235\u2013243.","journal-title":"Med Devices (Auckl)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411918774348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","article-title":"Managing long term indwelling urinary catheters","volume":"363","author":"Murphy C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Murphy C, Cowan A, Moore K, et al. Managing long term indwelling urinary catheters. BMJ 2018; 363: k3711.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/501908"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-6-201309170-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","article-title":"Intermittent catheter techniques, strategies and designs for managing long-term bladder conditions","volume":"10","author":"Prieto JA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prieto JA, Murphy CL, Stewart F, et al. Intermittent catheter techniques, strategies and designs for managing long-term bladder conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 10: CD006008.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-012-0136-x"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","first-page":"CD005086","article-title":"Plugs for containing faecal incontinence","volume":"2015","author":"Deutekom M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deutekom M, Dobben AC. Plugs for containing faecal incontinence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015(7): CD005086.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.14587"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2009521"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","first-page":"20","article-title":"Product options for faecal incontinence management in acute care","volume":"32","author":"Powers J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Powers J, Bliss D. Product options for faecal incontinence management in acute care. World Counc Enteros Ther J 2012; 32(1): 20\u201323.","journal-title":"World Counc Enteros Ther J"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","first-page":"105","article-title":"The rectal pouch: a safer alternative to rectal tubes","volume":"91","author":"Freedman P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Freedman P. The rectal pouch: a safer alternative to rectal tubes. Am J Nurs 1991; 91(5): 105\u2013106.","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SPV.0000000000000681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90428-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.14422"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2013499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2012.02.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","first-page":"56","article-title":"Three methods of stool management for patients with diarrhea","volume":"40","author":"Bosley C.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bosley C. Three methods of stool management for patients with diarrhea. Ostomy Wound Manage 1994; 40(1): 52\u2013NaN4, 56.","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09544119241233639","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09544119241233639","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09544119241233639","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:28:59Z","timestamp":1777674539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09544119241233639"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09544119241233639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09544119241233639","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4119","2041-3033"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4119","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3033","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]}}}