{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:19:50Z","timestamp":1790871590127,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021528","name":"Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Endowment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI: Vedantam"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI: Vedantam"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021528","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) rehabilitation in improving functional performance for patients with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI), which affects both upper and lower limb function. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, electronic databases including PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched. Meta-analysis was conducted on studies reporting common functional outcomes, with standardized mean difference (SMD) used to quantify effect sizes. Nine studies were included in the systematic review, and seven were analyzed in the meta-analysis. Three studies focused on upper limb outcomes, and six on lower limb function. Of the seven studies, four included only CSCI patients, while three had mixed injury cohorts (cervical and thoracic). Meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant improvements in function for mixed injury cohorts across various outcomes: Timed-Up and Go test (SMD 0.94 [\u22120.21, 2.09]), Berg Balance Scale (\u22120.83 [\u22121.72, 0.07]), Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (\u22120.38 [\u22120.86, 0.09]), Spinal Cord Independence Measure (\u22120.41 [\u22120.92, 0.10]), and 10\u2009Meter Walk Test (\u22121.43 [\u22123.58, \u22120.73]). However, the Timed-Up and Go test showed significant results favoring VR-based rehabilitation when excluding mixed cohorts (SMD 2.02 [1.24, 2.79]). VR rehabilitation shows promise for improving lower limb function in CSCI patients, but overall evidence remains inconclusive due to study variability. Standardizing outcome measures and further research on upper limb rehabilitation are essential to enhance the impact of VR-based interventions for CSCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119251337381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T01:29:42Z","timestamp":1746408582000},"page":"413-422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effectiveness of virtual reality rehabilitation for cervical spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"239","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5400-3379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viprav B","family":"Raju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D","family":"Schmit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin - Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Vedantam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/204577211X13207446293695"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-161371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1901-61"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772315Y.0000000023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2151458517696680"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46292\/sci20-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147243"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/80.7.688"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320913515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/1054746053967094"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010343000183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-1-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.106828"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-220029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5335400"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/22537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2019.1575554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858412467377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Review Manager (RevMan). 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