{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:35:23Z","timestamp":1788240923450,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>According to the Global Cancer Observatory of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Asian countries have a high incidence, mortality, and prevalence rate of cancer among other countries. Owing to the complexity and different stages of cancer, treating cancer remains difficult. Chemotherapy is a conventional strategy used to treat cancer, along with surgery, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Chemotherapeutic agents are effective in killing cancer cells; however, they also cause various side effects, such as fatigue and high systemic toxicity. To address this issue, nanomedicine plays a crucial role in developing externally stimuli-responsive smart nanocarriers to enhance cancer treatment. Among the various types of therapies, photothermochemotherapy (PTC) is one of the most effective ways to treat cancer where nanocarriers are designed to release drugs through NIR light-induced hyperthermia in the tumor microenvironment. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are the best photosensitizers that convert near-infrared (NIR) light into heat and are used to fabricate PTC nanocarriers. In addition to AuNPs, other materials have been used to fabricate PTC nanocarriers to enhance various properties, such as drug loading efficiency and targetability. This review systematically examines a broad spectrum of gold-based nanocarriers, including structurally modified AuNPs and composite formulations incorporating metal, polymer, carbon, hydrogel, lipid, hybrid, and mesoporous silica components, all of which are engineered to enhance cancer cell ablation through synergistic PTC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119251393878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T08:30:41Z","timestamp":1763454641000},"page":"1067-1086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Au NPs-based nanoarchitectures for targeted drug delivery applications"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"239","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Vashitha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9666-7672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. Sudheer","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818128-7.00025-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094-025-03375-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2024.100901"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2022.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.891652"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.177222"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071919"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1222693"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-022-03729-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"13109","article-title":"Hybrid gold nanorod-based nanoplatform with chemo and photothermal activities for bimodal cancer therapy","volume":"23","author":"Arellano-Galindo L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arellano-Galindo L, Villar-Alvarez E, Varela A, et al. Hybrid gold nanorod-based nanoplatform with chemo and photothermal activities for bimodal cancer therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Tech 2022; 23: 13109.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Tech"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-020-00668-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813691-1.00009-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SC06143K"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02357-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2020.213252"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb12040070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jnt3020008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2021.188532"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44174-025-00491-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TB01236D"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.701504"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-023-00365-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01129-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1118546"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors9100281"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-019-00631-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134724"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2024.1456939"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29030636"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16101332"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.135436"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NA00114H"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","first-page":"680","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment-responsive gold nanodendrites for nanoprobe-based single-cell Raman imaging and tumor-targeted chemo-photothermal therapy","volume":"4","author":"Shuai Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shuai Y, Bao Q, Yue H, et al. Tumor microenvironment-responsive gold nanodendrites for nanoprobe-based single-cell Raman imaging and tumor-targeted chemo-photothermal therapy. Smart Mater Med 2023; 4: 680\u2013689.","journal-title":"Smart Mater Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Tetrahedral DNA nanostructure-modified gold nanorod-based anticancer nanomaterials for combined photothermal therapy and chemotherapy","volume":"35","author":"Wu H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu H, Xu JS, Li YH, et al. Tetrahedral DNA nanostructure-modified gold nanorod-based anticancer nanomaterials for combined photothermal therapy and chemotherapy. Biomed Environ Sci 2022; 35: 1115\u20131125.","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2021.03.080"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SC02017J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101814"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-024-06122-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA03142C"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.137976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.12.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103269"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2022.113116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2021.100716"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.08.059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.160592"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2019.110551"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2015.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2015.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2025.121572"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.02.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","first-page":"100781","article-title":"Polydopamine-coated i-motif DNA\/Gold nanoplatforms for synergistic photothermal-chemotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Chen B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen B, Mei L, Fan R, et al. Polydopamine-coated i-motif DNA\/Gold nanoplatforms for synergistic photothermal-chemotherapy. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18: 100781.","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2020.04.060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119460"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115281"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","first-page":"347","article-title":"Doxorubicin-conjugated pH-responsive gold nanorods for combined photothermal therapy and chemotherapy of cancer","volume":"3","author":"Chen J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen J, Li X, Zhao X, et al. Doxorubicin-conjugated pH-responsive gold nanorods for combined photothermal therapy and chemotherapy of cancer. Bioact Mater 2018; 3: 347\u2013354.","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1400765"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-022-4599-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2019.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1066617"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2024.114419"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.272"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5MA00278H"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.02.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.202200302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-018-9548-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.138974"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13404-021-00293-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TB02056A"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-024-00566-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2024.11.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.125067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.105868"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.105723"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2018.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.106289"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2022.114426"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtnano.2022.100258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b03711"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.04.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2024.2356210"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-025-03435-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.155310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.02.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.08.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.01.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25074057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04594-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40580-022-00320-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118399"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-021-01024-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2019.104296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44174-025-00421-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111985"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2019.100510"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02379-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4MA00400K"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195823"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-025-06236-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59987-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140815910"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15080227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-025-06273-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-024-03984-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-022-01232-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-32150-4_73"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.1023602"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14081647"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-012-1316-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13010112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MA00600B"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15092349"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA03359K"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-023-03901-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17010036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S123062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5NH00292C"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14221854"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-023-05020-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11060426"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9100838"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11090733"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15040081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/magnetochemistry8100131"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_146_2","first-page":"227","article-title":"Recent advances in mesoporous silica nanoparticle: synthesis, drug loading, release mechanisms, and diverse applications","volume":"7","author":"Fatima R","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fatima R, Katiyar P, Kushwaha K. Recent advances in mesoporous silica nanoparticle: synthesis, drug loading, release mechanisms, and diverse applications. Front Nanotechnol 2025; 7(1): 227.","journal-title":"Front Nanotechnol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4SC03549F"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-021-05695-8"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09544119251393878","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09544119251393878","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09544119251393878","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:29:48Z","timestamp":1777674588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09544119251393878"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11-12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09544119251393878"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09544119251393878","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4119","2041-3033"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4119","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3033","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]}}}