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An innovative computational method assessed margin of stability (MOS), investigating biomechanical mechanisms of postural instability. Smartphone tasks disrupt pelvic, lumbar, and lower limb kinetics\/kinematics, reducing walking speed and increasing instability risk. Backpack loading altered knee range of motion and ankle\/metatarsophalangeal moments, with 15% body weight (BW) loads showing significant destabilizing effects. Instability correlated strongly with hip, lumbar, and metatarsophalangeal parameters. Combined tasks exacerbated effects, including reduced gait velocity and the kinematic parameters and degrees of freedom variations. Both backpack loading and mobile phone dual tasking significantly altered movement characteristics, force exertion patterns, and gait stability during walking in the pelvis, hip joints, and lumbar spine, with demonstrable interaction effects between these factors. Across the pelvis, hip joints, lumbar spine, and lower extremity joints, adaptations in joint range of motion and peak moments generated distinct mechanical adjustments to compensate for attentional distraction and center-of-mass deviation induced by these combined variables.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119261433152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T01:25:08Z","timestamp":1774833908000},"page":"451-466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the effects of smartphone-related dual tasks on dynamic stability and biomechanical indices during backpack-carrying walking"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"240","author":[{"given":"Mengchen","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7634-5668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, China"},{"name":"Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANTA (China) Co., Ltd, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANTA (China) Co., Ltd, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanzhen","family":"Cen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mon\u00e8m","family":"Jemni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, China"},{"name":"The Carrick Institute, FL, USA"},{"name":"Centre for Mental Health Research in Association with the University of Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2187-9440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaodong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, China"},{"name":"Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sajewicz J Dziuba-S\u0142onina A. 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