{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T22:53:14Z","timestamp":1781823194388,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/16042-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/16042-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to develop a low-cost 3D-printed scleral depressor and evaluate its mechanical performance, safety margins, and ocular biomechanical effects. A Schepens-style depressor was developed and printed in PLA. Examiners performed two different tests: (1) the maximum simulated scleral depression force, using both the 3D-printed and conventional steel depressors, and (2) a breakage test performed only on the 3D-printed device, determining its mechanical failure threshold for probabilistic safety analysis. Peak forces were applied to the porcine belly and recorded by a precision balance with slow-motion video analysis. A third test, which was conducted exclusively with the 3D-printed depressor, was performed using one ex vivo porcine eye model to correlate the applied force with the induced intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. The pressure\u2013volume behavior was modeled via the Friedenwald rigidity coefficient. One unit of the depressor prototype consumed 3.06\u2009g of PLA, with an estimated cost and print time of U$ 0.06 and 22\u2009min, respectively. The simulated indentations produced forces of 21.21\u2009\u00b1\u20096.23\u2009N (3D-printed depressor) and 25.02\u2009\u00b1\u20094.64\u2009N (steel depressor), with no significant difference between devices. The 3D-printed instrument breakage point was 63.27\u2009\u00b1\u200910.72\u2009N, with a 2.98 factor of safety (FS) and 3.39 reliability index (\u03b2). In the porcine model, scleral depression produced a 15.63\u2009\u00b1\u20098.13\u2009mmHg increase in IOP, requiring 0.191\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09\u2009N (FS\u2009=\u2009331.2 and \u03b2\u2009=\u20095.88). The 3D-printed depressor demonstrates effective mechanical robustness, wide safety margins, and functional equivalence to steel instruments, supporting the use of customizable, low-cost 3D-printed depressors in training and clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119261441042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T07:09:09Z","timestamp":1775891349000},"page":"545-554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and biomechanical validation of a 3D-printed Schepens scleral depressor"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"240","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5600-2131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Expedito","family":"Sabage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina de Bauru, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Professor Moreira, Hospital de Olhos do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Pasqualin Wojcikiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade Evang\u00e9lica de Medicina do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Meister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Professor Moreira, Hospital de Olhos do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro Vieira Neto","family":"Murta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Professor Moreira, Hospital de Olhos do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo T\u00falio","family":"Manfredini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jair Marcelo Saad","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnoprom Engenharia e Automa\u00e7\u00e3o, Cordeir\u00f3polis, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josmar","family":"Sabage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina de Bauru, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Augusto","family":"Moreira-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Professor Moreira, Hospital de Olhos do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Mazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina de Bauru, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1516919"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.09.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700456"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/hardware2010001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05908-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119211028069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119251321585"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1981-5271v48.3-2023-0012","article-title":"Impress\u00e3o 3D na rela\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e9dico-paciente, relato de experi\u00eancia da integra\u00e7\u00e3o entre ensino, inova\u00e7\u00e3o e assist\u00eancia","volume":"48","author":"Sanchez AU","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sanchez AU, Silva AMDS, Heilmann RM, et al. 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