{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:37:14Z","timestamp":1793086634481,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Finite element modeling in biomechanics has been widely used for several decades to investigate the injury mechanisms and tolerance limits of various biological structures. The development of biomechanical models includes choosing an anthropometry, which generally leads to a 50th percentile male model. In that context, derived numerical injury metrics are dedicated to males, although conclusions of these studies are generalized to the whole population including female subjects. This study proposes to address the existing paucity concerning female blunt thoracic injuries and add to the understanding of thoracic injuries at a numerical level. Thus, a female finite element model of the thorax has been developed, named HUBxx, in the same way as the existing male geometry model is named HUByx. A 3-D reconstruction of the geometry of the various components of the model was based on literature data. Constitutive laws were implemented in the model for soft tissues and skeletal structures, and a numerical replication of existing experimental tests was carried out in the context of blunt ballistic impacts. The results show that the numerical responses of the HUBxx model are in good agreement with the female experimental corridors for both sternal and breast impacts, demonstrating its biofidelity and its ability to reproduce the mechanical response of the female thorax. In contrast, a male finite element model (SurHUByx FEM) scaled-down to female external anthropometric dimensions fails to reproduce the characteristics of the female experimental corridors. This study provides tools and data for specific investigations of female thoracic injuries, given the differences observed between males and females.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119261484228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:27:22Z","timestamp":1788586042000},"page":"995-1009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a finite element model specific to the female thorax for non-penetrating ballistic impact"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"240","author":[{"given":"Elodie","family":"Dancerel-Bourlon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201 - LAMIH\u2013Laboratoire d\u2019Automatique de M\u00e9canique et d\u2019Informatique Industrielles et Humaines, Valenciennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Delille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201 - LAMIH\u2013Laboratoire d\u2019Automatique de M\u00e9canique et d\u2019Informatique Industrielles et Humaines, Valenciennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bourel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201 - LAMIH\u2013Laboratoire d\u2019Automatique de M\u00e9canique et d\u2019Informatique Industrielles et Humaines, Valenciennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Mauzac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Ministry of the Interior, CREL\/SAILMI, Place Beauvau, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Prat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es (IRBA), Br\u00e9tigny-sur-Orge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Bir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2780-2180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastien","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot of Bourgogne, site UTBM, UMR 6303, CNRS \/Universit\u00e9 de Technologie de Belfort-Montb\u00e9liard, Belfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Lauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201 - LAMIH\u2013Laboratoire d\u2019Automatique de M\u00e9canique et d\u2019Informatique Industrielles et Humaines, Valenciennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmo GP Dymek M Ptak M et al. Development validation and a case study: the female finite element head model (FeFEHM). Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2023; 231: 107430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2023.107430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2023.107430"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavan PG Nasim M Brasco V et al. Development of detailed finite element models for in silico analyses of brain impact dynamics. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2022; 227: 107225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.107225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.107225"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruneau DA Cronin DS. Head and neck response of an active human body model and finite element anthropometric test device during a linear impactor helmet test. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142(2): 021004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4043667","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4043667"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaufer M Delille R Bourel B et al. Review of non-penetrating ballistic testing techniques for protection assessment: from biological data to numerical and physical surrogates. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2024; 238(4): 383\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09544119241232122","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119241232122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaufer M Delille R Bourel B et al. The use of human surrogate for the assessment of ballistic impacts on the thorax. In: Eliasson V Allison P Jannotti P (eds) Dynamic Behavior of Materials Volume 1: Proceedings of the 2023 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics. Springer Nature 2024 pp.121\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-50646-8_18","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-50646-8_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dancerel-Bourlon E Delille R Bourel B et al. Experimental and numerical replication of blunt ballistic impact on a male thorax surrogate: study of rib fractures and lung injuries predictions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2025; 13: 1704069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1704069","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1704069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00f6lzer A Schr\u00f6der C Woiczinski M et al. Subject-specific finite element simulation of the human femur considering inhomogeneous material properties: a straightforward method and convergence study. Med Eng Phys 2021; 88: 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2020.12.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2020.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iraeus J Brolin K Pipkorn B. Generic finite element models of human ribs developed and validated for stiffness and strain prediction - to be used in rib fracture risk evaluation for the human population in vehicle crashes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 106: 103742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.103742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.103742"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauzeral N Borzacchiello D Kugler M et al. A model order reduction approach to create patient-specific mechanical models of human liver in computational medicine applications. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2019; 170: 95\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2019.01.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2019.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 International IRCOBI conference on the biomechanics of injury","author":"Jenerowicz M","unstructured":"Jenerowicz M, Matt P, Boljen M, et al. Assessment of female human body models for ballistic impact analysis with post mortem human subject (PMHS) data evaluation: a comparative study with various impact loading conditions. In: Proceedings of the 2024 International IRCOBI conference on the biomechanics of injury, Stockholm, Sweden, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voo L Kumaresan S Pintar FA et al. Finite-element models of the human head. Med Biol Eng Comput 1996; 34(5): 375\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02520009","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02520009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Kruk E. BIASMECHANICS: does an unconscious bias still persist in biomechanics positioning males as the default in human research? A meta-analysis on the Journal of Biomechanics 2024 publications. J Biomech 2025; 181: 112560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2025.112560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2025.112560"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth S. Thoughts and perspectives on biomechanical numerical models under impacts: Are women forgotten from research? Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2023; 237(10): 1122\u20131138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09544119231195182","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119231195182"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atwood J Noh EY Craig MJ. Female crash fatality risk relative to males for similar physical impacts. Traffic Inj Prev 2023; 24(sup1): S1\u2013S8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15389588.2023.2177845","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2023.2177845"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burrowes KS Ruppage M Lowry A et al. Sex matters: the frequently overlooked importance of considering sex in computational models. Front Physiol 2023; 14: 1186646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1186646","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1186646"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6sth J Mendoza-Vazquez M Sato F et al. A female head-neck model for rear impact simulations. J Biomech 2017; 51: 49\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.11.066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.11.066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rupp JD Klinich KD Moss S et al. Development and testing of a prototype pregnant abdomen for the small-female Hybrid III ATD. Stapp Car Crash J 2001; 45: 61\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2001-22-0003","DOI":"10.4271\/2001-22-0003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald JP Shams T Rangarajan N et al. Design and development of a Thor-based small female crash test dummy. Stapp Car Crash J 2003; 47: 551\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2003-22-0024","DOI":"10.4271\/2003-22-0024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koutras C Shayestehpour H P\u00e9rez J et al. Biomechanical morphing for personalized fitting of scoliotic torso skeleton models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10: 945461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.945461","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.945461"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armeni P Polat I De Rossi LM et al. Digital twins in healthcare: is It the beginning of a new era of evidence-based medicine? A critical review. J Pers Med 2022; 12(8): 1255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm12081255","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12081255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamel Boulos MN Zhang P. Digital twins: from personalised medicine to precision public health. J Pers Med 2021; 11(8): 745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm11080745","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11080745"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarhan AAR Franklyn M Lee PVS. The use of finite element models for backface deformation and body armour design: a systematic review. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng 2025; 28(1): 121\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10255842.2023.2281275","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2023.2281275"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bir C Viano D King A. Development of biomechanical response corridors of the thorax to blunt ballistic impacts. J Biomech 2004; 37(1): 73\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00238-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00238-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","volume-title":"A biomechanical assessment of female body armor","author":"Wilhelm M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wilhelm M. A biomechanical assessment of female body armor. PhD dissertation, Wayne State University, 2003."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","volume-title":"A preliminary anthropometry standard for Australian Army equipment evaluation","author":"Edwards M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Edwards M, Furnell A, Coleman J, et al. A preliminary anthropometry standard for Australian Army equipment evaluation. Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), 2014, Report No.: DSTO-TR-3006."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St. Pierre SR Peirlinck M Kuhl E. Sex matters: A comprehensive comparison of female and male hearts. Front Physiol 2022; 13: 831179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.831179","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.831179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Personal Armor Systems Symposium (PASS)","author":"Bass CR","unstructured":"Bass CR, Schmidt A, Pierce E. Not just the large and small of it: Tradeoffs for anthropometry and sex in military personal protection. In: Proceedings of the Personal Armor Systems Symposium (PASS), Natick, MA, 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wells JCK. Sexual dimorphism of body composition. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21(3): 415\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellemare F Fuamba T Bourgeault A. Sexual dimorphism of human ribs. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006; 150(2-3): 233\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2005.04.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holcombe SA Wang SC Grotberg JB. The effect of age and demographics on rib shape. J Anat 2017; 231(2): 229\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.12632","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12632"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y Cao L Bai Z et al. A parametric ribcage geometry model accounting for variations among the adult population. J Biomech 2016; 49(13): 2791\u20132798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.06.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laurin L-P Jobin V Bellemare F. Sternum length and rib cage dimensions compared with bodily proportions in adults with cystic fibrosis. Can Respir J 2012; 19(3): 196\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/657942","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/408518"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alyami AS Majrashi NA Elbashir M et al. Normal sonographic measurements for kidney dimensions in Saudi adult population: a cross-sectional prospective study. Medicine 2024; 103(24): e38607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000038607","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis ML Stitzel JD Gayzik FS. Thoracoabdominal organ volumes for small women. Traffic Inj Prev 2015; 16(6): 611\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15389588.2014.988787","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2014.988787"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geraghty EM Boone JM McGahan JP et al. Normal organ volume assessment from abdominal CT. Abdom Imaging 2004; 29(4): 482\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-003-0139-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-003-0139-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","volume-title":"Gray\u2019s anatomy for students","author":"Drake RL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AWM (eds). Gray\u2019s anatomy for students. 1st ed. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2006.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Tamayo N Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez D Lois Zlolniski S et al. 3D analysis of sexual dimorphism in size shape and breathing kinematics of human lungs. J Anat 2018; 232(2): 227\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.12743","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassola VF de Melo Lima VJ Kramer R et al. FASH and MASH: female and male adult human phantoms based on polygon mesh surfaces: I. Development of the anatomy. Phys Med Biol 2010; 55(1): 133\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/1\/009","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/1\/009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen J Roth S. Validation of rib structural responses under dynamic loadings using different material properties: A finite element analysis. Med Eng Phys 2022; 105: 103820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2022.103820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2022.103820"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth S Torres F Feuerstein P et al. Anthropometric dependence of the response of a thorax FE model under high speed loading: validation and real world accident replication. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2013; 110(2): 160\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2012.11.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2012.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts JC Merkle AC Biermann PJ et al. Computational and experimental models of the human torso for non-penetrating ballistic impact. J Biomech 2007; 40(1): 125\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.11.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraf H Ramesh KT Lennon AM et al. Mechanical properties of soft human tissues under dynamic loading. J Biomech 2007; 40(9): 1960\u20131967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.09.027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","volume-title":"\u00c9tude de la r\u00e9ponse biom\u00e9canique du thorax soumis \u00e0 des sollicitations dynamiques dans un contexte civil et militaire par la m\u00e9thode des \u00e9l\u00e9ments finis","author":"Bodo M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bodo M. \u00c9tude de la r\u00e9ponse biom\u00e9canique du thorax soumis \u00e0 des sollicitations dynamiques dans un contexte civil et militaire par la m\u00e9thode des \u00e9l\u00e9ments finis. Th\u00e8se, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaufer M Delille R Bourel B et al. A new biomechanical FE model for blunt thoracic impact. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11: 1152508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1152508","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1152508"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kriener K Lala R Homes RAP et al. Mechanical characterization of the human abdominal wall using uniaxial tensile testing. Bioengineering 2023; 10(10): 1213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering10101213","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10101213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"del Palomar AP Calvo B Herrero J et al. A finite element model to accurately predict real deformations of the breast. Med Eng Phys 2008; 30(9): 1089\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.01.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang X Boppart SA. Biomechanical properties of in vivo human skin from dynamic optical coherence elastography. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2010; 57(4): 953\u2013959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2009.2033464","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2009.2033464"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen J Huang J Wen Y et al. A comprehensive review on SEBS gel as a synthetic human tissue surrogate. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2026; 180: 107351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107351"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bracq A Haugou G Bourel B et al. On the modeling of a visco-hyperelastic polymer gel under blunt ballistic impacts. Int J Impact Eng 2018; 118: 78\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2018.04.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2018.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","unstructured":"Altair Engineering Inc. Altair HyperWorks 2017. Troy (MI): Altair Engineering Inc. 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoell SL Weaver AA Vavalle NA et al. Age- and sex-specific thorax finite element model development and simulation. Traffic Inj Prev 2015; 16(Suppl 1): S57\u2013S65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15389588.2015.1005208","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2015.1005208"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weaver AA Schoell SL Stitzel JD. Morphometric analysis of variation in the ribs with age and sex. J Anat 2014; 225(2): 246\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.12203","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manschot JF Brakkee AJ. The measurement and modelling of the mechanical properties of human skin in vivo\u2013ii. The model. J Biomech 1986; 19(7): 517\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9290(86)90152-0","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(86)90125-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","unstructured":"Shigeta K Kitagawa Y Yasuki T. Development of next generation human body FE model capable of organ injury prediction. In: Proceedings of the 21st international technical conference on the enhanced safety of vehicles (ESV) Stuttgart Germany 15\u201318 June 2009 Paper No. 09-0331. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) https:\/\/trid.trb.org\/view\/1099815"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng W Mukherjee S Caudillo A et al. Evaluation and validation of thorax model responses: a hierarchical approach to achieve high biofidelity for thoracic musculoskeletal system. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9: 712656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2021.712656","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.712656"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khorami F Obaid N Sparrey CJ. Sex differences in fall circumstances and injury biomechanics among older adults: a narrative review. J Biomech 2023; 152: 111559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111559"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09544119261484228","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09544119261484228","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09544119261484228","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:16:17Z","timestamp":1793085377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09544119261484228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09544119261484228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09544119261484228","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4119","2041-3033"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4119","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3033","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]}}}